{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T19:49:23Z","timestamp":1768679363190,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]],"date-time":"2024-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Innovation and Technology of Hungary from the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund","award":["ITM NKFIA TKP2021-EGA-32"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ITM NKFIA TKP2021-EGA-32"]}]},{"name":"The J\u00e1nos Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Science","award":["ITM NKFIA TKP2021-EGA-32"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ITM NKFIA TKP2021-EGA-32"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic affected the epidemiology of infectious diseases and changed the operation of health care systems and health care seeking behavior. Our study aimed to analyze the utilization of systemic antibiotics in ambulatory care in Hungary after the COVID-19 pandemic and compare it to the period before COVID. We defined three periods (24 months each): Before COVID, COVID, and After COVID. Monthly trends in systemic antibiotic (J01) use were calculated using the WHO ATC-DDD index and expressed as DDD\/1000 inhabitants\/day (DID) and number of exposed patients per active agent. The data were further categorized by the WHO AWaRe classification. In the After COVID period, we detected almost the same (11.61 vs. 11.11 DID) mean monthly use of systemic antibiotics in ambulatory care compared to the Before COVID period. We observed a decrease in the seasonality index in the After COVID period (46.86% vs. 39.86%). In the After COVID period, the use of cephalosporins and quinolones decreased significantly, while in the case of macrolides, a significant increase was observed compared to the Before COVID period, with excessive azithromycin use (66,869 vs. 97,367 exposed patients). This study demonstrated significant changes in the pattern of ambulatory care antibiotic use in Hungary.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13090848","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]],"date-time":"2024-09-05T05:30:02Z","timestamp":1725514202000},"page":"848","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Returned Rate and Changed Patterns of Systemic Antibiotic Use in Ambulatory Care in Hungary after the Pandemic\u2014A Longitudinal Ecological Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Helga","family":"Hambalek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary"},{"name":"University Pharmacy Department, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Health Center, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7877-2399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1ria","family":"Matuz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary"},{"name":"University Pharmacy Department, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Health Center, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rox\u00e1na","family":"Ruzsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary"},{"name":"University Pharmacy Department, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Health Center, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Papfalvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R\u00f3bert","family":"Nacsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary"},{"name":"University Pharmacy Department, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Health Center, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zs\u00f3fia","family":"Engi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rta","family":"Csatordai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary"},{"name":"University Pharmacy Department, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Health Center, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gy\u00f6ngyv\u00e9r","family":"So\u00f3s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2309-3532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edit","family":"Hajd\u00fa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Infectiology Unit, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Health Centre, University of Szeged, \u00c1llom\u00e1s Street 1-3, 6725 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4088-3333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dezs\u0151","family":"Csupor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary"},{"name":"Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8009-8962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ria","family":"Benk\u0151","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary"},{"name":"University Pharmacy Department, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Health Center, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary"},{"name":"Emergency Department, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Health Centre, University of Szeged, Semmelweis Street 6, 6725 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30605-4","article-title":"Attributable Deaths and Disability-Adjusted 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Chemother."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/13\/9\/848\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:49:04Z","timestamp":1760111344000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/13\/9\/848"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics13090848"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics13090848","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]]}}}