{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:32:15Z","timestamp":1787027535689,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]],"date-time":"2024-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Le\u00f3n"},{"name":"Junta de Castilla y Le\u00f3n"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Staphylococcus hyicus is a significant pathogen in swine, primarily causing exudative epidermitis. Addressing S. hyicus infections requires both the characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in farm-recovered isolates. This study aimed to characterize the virulence, AMR, and biofilm formation of S. hyicus isolates from Spanish swine farms. A total of 49 isolates were analyzed, originating from animals with cutaneous, reproductive, and systemic clinical signs. Half of the isolates (49.0%) were positive for at least one virulence factor (VF) gene, with SHETA being the most frequent (28.6%). A high frequency of multidrug resistant (MDR) isolates was observed (83.7%), with significant resistance to commonly used antimicrobials, including lincosamides (83.7%), pleuromutilins (81.6%), penicillins (75.5%), and tetracyclines (73.5%). All isolates exhibited robust in vitro biofilm formation capacity (DC = 15.6 \u00b1 7.0). Significant associations were found between VFs, biofilm formation, and AMR patterns, highlighting the link between the resistance to lincosamides and pleuromutilins (p &lt; 0.001; \u03a6 = 0.57) and macrolides (p &lt; 0.001; \u03a6 = 0.48), and the association of AMR with the ExhC and ExhD VF genes. These findings underscore the need for targeted diagnostics to improve management and therapeutic strategies to mitigate the impact of S. hyicus on swine production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13090871","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]],"date-time":"2024-09-11T10:33:01Z","timestamp":1726050781000},"page":"871","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Insights into the Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Staphylococcus hyicus Isolates from Spanish Swine Farms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9923-2623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar","family":"Menc\u00eda-Ares","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, 24007 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Ramos-Calvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, 24007 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1306-4137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alba","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, 24007 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4318-1070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1lvaro","family":"Aguar\u00f3n-Turrientes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorios SYVA, 24009 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Isabel","family":"Pastor-Calonge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, 24007 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rub\u00e9n","family":"Migu\u00e9lez-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, 24007 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5312-3854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9sar B.","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, 24007 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2338-7776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, 24007 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4377","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.05645-11","article-title":"Staphylococcus hyicus Bacteremia in a Farmer","volume":"49","author":"Casanova","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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