{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T18:38:57Z","timestamp":1777401537628,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]],"date-time":"2024-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","award":["075-10-2021-113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["075-10-2021-113"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","award":["RF----193021X0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF----193021X0001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: Multidrug-resistant, highly pathogenic Escherichia coli strains are the primary causative agents of intestinal and extraintestinal human diseases. The extensive utilization of antibiotics for farm animals has been identified as a contributing factor to the emergence and dissemination of E. coli strains that exhibit multidrug resistance and possess high pathogenic potential. Consequently, a significant research objective is to examine the genetic diversity of pathogenic E. coli strains and to identify those that may pose a threat to human health. Methods: In this study, we present the results of genome sequencing and analysis, as well as the physiological characterization of E. coli strain APEC 36, which was isolated from the liver of a broiler chicken with generalized colibacillosis. Results: We found that APEC 36 possess a number of mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, including antibiotic efflux, antibiotic inactivation, and antibiotic target alteration\/replacement\/protection. The most widely represented group among these mechanisms was that of antibiotic efflux. This finding is consistent with the strain\u2019s documented resistance to multiple antibiotics. APEC 36 has an extremely rare variant of the beta-lactamase CTX-M-169. Notwithstanding the multitude of systems for interfering with foreign DNA present in the strain, seven plasmids have been identified, three of which may possess novel replication origins. Additionally, qnrS1, which confers resistance to fluoroquinolones, was found to be encoded in the genome rather than in the plasmid. This suggests that the determinants of antibiotic resistance may be captured in the genome and stably transmitted from generation to generation. Conclusions: The APEC 36 strain has genes for toxins, adhesins, protectins, and an iron uptake system. The obtained set of genetic and physiological characteristics allowed us to assume that this strain has a high pathogenic potential for humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13100945","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]],"date-time":"2024-10-09T12:22:48Z","timestamp":1728476568000},"page":"945","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Determinants of Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence Factors in the Genome of Escherichia coli APEC 36 Strain Isolated from a Broiler Chicken with Generalized Colibacillosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5203-0787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmitry S.","family":"Karpov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3324-2957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizaveta M.","family":"Kazakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"V.L. Talrose Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5565-1331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maxim A.","family":"Kovalev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5671-5724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikhail S.","family":"Shumkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Fundamentals of Biotechnology Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1168-4106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomiris","family":"Kusainova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"V.L. Talrose Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2142-0592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irina A.","family":"Tarasova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"V.L. Talrose Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pamila J.","family":"Osipova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Problems of Russian Academy of Sciences, 123007 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Svetlana V.","family":"Poddubko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Problems of Russian Academy of Sciences, 123007 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1517-1983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir A.","family":"Mitkevich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2448-4823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina V.","family":"Kuznetsova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perm Federal Research Centre, Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, 614081 Perm, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5789-7195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna V.","family":"Goncharenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Fundamentals of Biotechnology Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: A systematic analysis","volume":"399","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024, August 07). 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