{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:33:21Z","timestamp":1787027601967,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,19]],"date-time":"2024-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Australia"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has arisen due to antibiotic overuse and misuse. Antibiotic resistance renders standard treatments less effective, making it difficult to control some infections, thereby increasing morbidity and mortality. Medicinal plants are attracting increased interest as antibiotics lose efficacy. This study evaluates the antibacterial activity of solvent extracts prepared using Terminalia bellirica and Terminalia chebula fruit against six bacterial pathogens using disc diffusion and broth microdilution assays. The aqueous and methanol extracts of T. bellirica and T. chebula showed substantial zones of inhibition (ZOIs) against Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The activity against those bacteria was strong, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) ranging from 94 \u00b5g\/mL to 392 \u00b5g\/mL. Additionally, the T. bellirica methanolic extract showed noteworthy antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and an extended spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL) E. coli strain (MIC values of 755 \u00b5g\/mL for both). The aqueous T. bellirica and T. chebula extracts also inhibited Klebsiella pneumoniae growth (MIC values of 784 \u00b5g\/mL and 556 \u00b5g\/mL, respectively). The corresponding methanolic extracts also inhibited ESBL K. pneumoniae growth (MIC values of 755 \u00b5g\/mL and 1509 \u00b5g\/mL, respectively). Eighteen additive interactions were observed when extracts were combined with reference antibiotics. Strong antagonism occurred when any of the extracts were mixed with polymyxin B. Liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) analysis of the extracts revealed several interesting flavonoids and tannins, including 6-galloylglucose, 1,2,6-trigalloyl-\u03b2-D-glucopyranose, 6-O-[(2E)-3-phenyl-2-propenoyl]-1-O-(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl)-\u03b2-D-glucopyranose, propyl gallate, methyl gallate, sanguiin H4, hamamelitannin, pyrogallol, gallic acid, ellagic acid, chebulic acid, and chebuloside II. All extracts were nontoxic in brine shrimp assays. This lack of toxicity, combined with their antibacterial activities, suggests that these plant species may be promising sources of antibacterial compound(s) that warrant further study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13100994","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T04:10:14Z","timestamp":1729570214000},"page":"994","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Combinations of Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. and Terminalia chebula Retz. Extracts with Selected Antibiotics Against Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria: Bioactivity and Phytochemistry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Gagan","family":"Tiwana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4222, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8732-8513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian Edwin","family":"Cock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment and Science, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Brisbane 4111, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2306-0829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew James","family":"Cheesman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4222, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2024, July 26). 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