{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T15:09:21Z","timestamp":1793372961476,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":173,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Accelerating Higher Education Expansion and Development Operation (AHEAD)","award":["AHEAD\/PhD\/R3\/AH\/369"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AHEAD\/PhD\/R3\/AH\/369"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Two major bacterial pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes, are becoming increasingly antibiotic-resistant. Despite the urgency, only a few new antibiotics have been approved to address these infections. Although cannabinoids have been noted for their antibacterial properties, a comprehensive review of their effects on these bacteria has been lacking. Objective: This systematic review examines the antibacterial activity of cannabinoids against S. aureus, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) strains, and S. pyogenes. Methods: Databases, including CINAHL, Cochrane, Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and LILACS, were searched. Of 3510 records, 24 studies met the inclusion criteria, reporting on the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration of cannabinoids. Results: Cannabidiol (CBD) emerged as the most effective cannabinoid, with MICs ranging from 0.65 to 32 mg\/L against S. aureus, 0.5 to 4 mg\/L for MRSA, and 1 to 2 mg\/L for VRSA. Other cannabinoids, such as cannabichromene, cannabigerol (CBG), and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (\u03949-THC), also exhibited significant antistaphylococcal activity. CBD, CBG, and \u03949-THC also showed efficacy against S. pyogenes, with MICs between 0.6 and 50 mg\/L. Synergistic effects were observed when CBD and essential oils from Cannabis sativa when combined with other antibacterial agents. Conclusion: Cannabinoids\u2019 antibacterial potency is closely linked to their structure\u2013activity relationships, with features like the monoterpene region, aromatic alkyl side chain, and aromatic carboxylic groups enhancing efficacy, particularly in CBD and its cyclic forms. These results highlight the potential of cannabinoids in developing therapies for resistant strains, though further research is needed to confirm their clinical effectiveness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13111023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]],"date-time":"2024-10-31T06:55:37Z","timestamp":1730357737000},"page":"1023","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Cannabinoids as Antibacterial Agents: A Systematic and Critical Review of In Vitro Efficacy Against Streptococcus and Staphylococcus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5206-6381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dhakshila","family":"Niyangoda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myat Lin","family":"Aung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0817-3435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mallique","family":"Qader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7208-2330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wubshet","family":"Tesfaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9262-0113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary","family":"Bushell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabian","family":"Chiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, The Canberra Hospital, Garran, ACT 2605, Australia"},{"name":"School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danny","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Alice Springs, NT 0870, Australia"},{"name":"University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia"},{"name":"Pharmacy Department, Alice Springs Hospital, Central Australian Region Health Service, Alice Springs, NT 0870, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7891-3756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danish","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Indira","family":"Samarawickrema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Strategy Coaching and Research Consulting Pty Ltd., O\u2019Malley, ACT 2606, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahipal","family":"Sinnollareddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jackson","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janik, E., Ceremuga, M., Niemcewicz, M., and Bijak, M. 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