{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:56:39Z","timestamp":1792788999899,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]],"date-time":"2024-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Belgian Federal Public Service of Development Cooperation (DGD)","award":["BE-BCE_KBO-0410057701-prg2022-13-RW"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BE-BCE_KBO-0410057701-prg2022-13-RW"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global problem that results in high morbidity and mortality, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Inappropriate use of antimicrobials is a major driver of AMR. This study aimed to evaluate the rate and quality of antimicrobial prescription and use at the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali (CHUK), a tertiary-referral teaching hospital. Methodology: A point prevalence survey (PPS) of antimicrobial prescription was conducted using the Global PPS tool, including a healthcare-acquired infection (HAI) module. Results: On the day of the PPS, 39.3% (145\/369) of inpatients were prescribed at least one antimicrobial. Out of the 259 prescribed antimicrobials, 232 (89.6%) were antibacterials, of which 151 (65.1%) belonged to the watch group of the WHO AWaRe classification. The top three antibiotics prescribed were cefotaxime (87; 37.5%), parenteral metronidazole (31; 13.4%), and meropenem (23; 9.9%). Stop or review dates for the prescribed antimicrobials were documented in 27\/259 prescriptions (10.4%). Surgical prophylaxis (SP) was prescribed for longer than one day in 83.3% of 61 patients. Samples for culture were sent for 27.1% (63\/232) of all the patients prescribed antibiotics. Conclusion: This PPS demonstrates multiple indicators of the poor use of antimicrobials, including the high prevalence usage of watch antibiotics and prolonged surgical prophylaxis and other poor-quality indicators. Thus, there is an urgent need for intervention to improve antimicrobial stewardship.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13111032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]],"date-time":"2024-10-31T12:31:32Z","timestamp":1730377892000},"page":"1032","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Prescription Practices and Usage of Antimicrobials in a Tertiary Teaching Hospital in Rwanda: A Call for Antimicrobial Stewardship"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3439-2335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Acsa","family":"Igizeneza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Rwanda, Huye P.O. Box 117, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leopold","family":"Bitunguhari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biology, University of Rwanda, Kigali P.O. Box 3286, Rwanda"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali P.O. Box 655, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florence","family":"Masaisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biology, University of Rwanda, Kigali P.O. Box 3286, Rwanda"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali P.O. Box 655, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Innocent","family":"Hahirwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Rwanda, Kigali P.O. Box 655, Rwanda"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali P.O. Box 655, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorette D.","family":"Uwamahoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biology, University of Rwanda, Kigali P.O. Box 3286, Rwanda"},{"name":"Department of Accident and Emergency, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali P.O. Box 655, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osee","family":"Sebatunzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biology, University of Rwanda, Kigali P.O. Box 3286, Rwanda"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali P.O. Box 655, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathalie","family":"Umugwaneza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali P.O. Box 655, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0106-2118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ines","family":"Pauwels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3551-6643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ann","family":"Versporten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Vlieghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of General Internal Medicine, Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9516-9508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayman","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Applied Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum 11111, Sudan"},{"name":"Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali P.O. Box 7162, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6075-5603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean Claude S.","family":"Ngabonziza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biology, University of Rwanda, Kigali P.O. Box 3286, Rwanda"},{"name":"Research, Innovation and Data Science Division, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali P.O. Box 7162, Rwanda"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Theunissen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Top ten global health threats for 2019: The WHO list","volume":"5","author":"Qayum","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Rehman Med. 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