{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T17:36:59Z","timestamp":1788284219993,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,3]],"date-time":"2024-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen that can infect both humans and animals and cause noninvasive gastrointestinal listeriosis or invasive listeriosis. The objectives of this study were to determine the genetic diversity of L. monocytogenes; the genes associated with its resistance to antibiotics, benzalkonium chloride (BC), and cadmium chloride (CdCl2); and its biofilm formation. Methods: A total of 132 fresh fruits (44 samples) and vegetables (88 samples) were selected for this study. The genetic diversity of the isolates and the genes associated with their antibiotic resistance were determined using PCR amplification; meanwhile, their levels of susceptibility to antibiotics were determined using the agar diffusion method. Their levels of resistance to BC and CdCl2 were determined using the minimum inhibitory concentration method, and their capacity for biofilm formation was evaluated using the crystal violet staining method. Results: A total of 17 L. monocytogenes strains were collected: 12.8% (17\/132) from fresh fruits and vegetables in this study. The isolates of L. monocytogenes belonged to phylogenetic groups I.1 (29.4% (5\/17); serotype 1\/2a) and II.2 (70.5% (12\/17); serotype 1\/2b); strains containing Listeria pathogenicity islands (LIPIs) were also identified at prevalence rates of 100% for LIPI-1 and LIPI-2 (17\/17), 29.4% for LIPI-3 (5\/17), and 11.7% for LIPI-4 (2\/17). The antibiotic susceptibility tests showed that the L. monocytogenes isolates exhibited six different multiresistant patterns, with multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of \u22650.46 (70.5%; 12\/17); additionally, the genes Ide, tetM, and msrA, associated with efflux pump Lde, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin resistance, were detected at 52.9% (9\/17), 29.4% (5\/17), and 17.6% (3\/17), respectively. The phenotypic tests showed that 58.8% (10\/17) of cadmium-resistant L. monocytogenes isolates had a co-resistance of 23.5% (4\/17) to BC. Finally, all strains of L. monocytogenes exhibited moderate biofilm production. Conclusions: The results of this study contribute to our understanding of the persistence and genetic diversity of L. monocytogenes strains isolated from fresh fruits and vegetables; in addition, their resistance to CdCl2, which is correlated with co-resistance to BC disinfectant, is helpful for the food industry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13111039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]],"date-time":"2024-11-04T03:57:34Z","timestamp":1730692654000},"page":"1039","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Listeria monocytogenes in Fruits and Vegetables: Antimicrobial Resistance, Biofilm, and Genomic Insights"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5293-9704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Guadalupe","family":"Avila-Novoa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Biotecnolog\u00eda Microbiana y Alimentaria, Departamento de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas, Divisi\u00f3n de Desarrollo Biotecnol\u00f3gico, Centro Universitario de la Ci\u00e9nega, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Universidad 1115, Col. Lindavista, Ocotl\u00e1n 47820, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2569-6537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar Alberto","family":"Solis-Velazquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Biotecnolog\u00eda Microbiana y Alimentaria, Departamento de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas, Divisi\u00f3n de Desarrollo Biotecnol\u00f3gico, Centro Universitario de la Ci\u00e9nega, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Universidad 1115, Col. Lindavista, Ocotl\u00e1n 47820, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8982-4852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Javier","family":"Guerrero-Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Biotecnolog\u00eda Microbiana y Alimentaria, Departamento de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas, Divisi\u00f3n de Desarrollo Biotecnol\u00f3gico, Centro Universitario de la Ci\u00e9nega, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Universidad 1115, Col. Lindavista, Ocotl\u00e1n 47820, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6816-937X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liliana","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Ch\u00e1vez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamentos de Farmacobiolog\u00eda y Matem\u00e1ticas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenier\u00edas, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Gral. Marcelino Garc\u00eda Barrag\u00e1n 1451, Col. Ol\u00edmpica, Guadalajara 44430, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5168-4866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nanci Edid","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Gonz\u00e1les","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamentos de Farmacobiolog\u00eda y Matem\u00e1ticas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenier\u00edas, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Gral. Marcelino Garc\u00eda Barrag\u00e1n 1451, Col. Ol\u00edmpica, Guadalajara 44430, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6014-4602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melesio","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Lomel\u00ed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Biotecnolog\u00eda Microbiana y Alimentaria, Departamento de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas, Divisi\u00f3n de Desarrollo Biotecnol\u00f3gico, Centro Universitario de la Ci\u00e9nega, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Universidad 1115, Col. Lindavista, Ocotl\u00e1n 47820, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30521-7","article-title":"Clinical features and prognostic factors of listeriosis: The MONALISA national prospective cohort study","volume":"17","author":"Charlier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.3.584-640.2001","article-title":"Listeria pathogenesis and molecular virulence determinants","volume":"14","author":"Kuhn","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2024, June 19). 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