{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T17:47:50Z","timestamp":1788371270981,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]],"date-time":"2024-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Agence Universitaire de la Francophonie (AUF)","award":["G925\/BACGL2015\/AO\/PFD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G925\/BACGL2015\/AO\/PFD"]}]},{"name":"CIMRF","award":["G925\/BACGL2015\/AO\/PFD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G925\/BACGL2015\/AO\/PFD"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: In Gabon, studies on the characterization of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in young children with diarrhoea are almost nonexistent. The objective was to evaluate the prevalence of antibiotic resistance to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in children at public hospitals in Franceville, Gabon. Methods: Seventy diarrhoea faecal samples were collected from children aged 0\u20135 years. The culture and isolation of colonies were carried out on MacConkey agar. The colonies were identified using VITEK 2. The determination of the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase\u2019s profiles was accomplished using the double disk method. The identification of phylogroups and pathotypes was performed by PCR. Identification of the ESBL genes was performed by sequencing. Results: A total of 26 strains of Escherichia coli (33.0%) were identified from 78 bacterial isolates. Twenty (77.0%) Escherichia coli strains carried extended-spectrum beta-lactamases blaCTX-M-15 and 5.0% carried blaSHV-12 subtypes. Phylogroup D (62.0%) was predominant, followed by B1 (12.0%), B2 (8.0%) and E (4.0%). The bacterial pathogens causing diarrhoea were enterohemorrhagic E. coli (12.0%), typical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (8.0%), atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (4.0%), Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (4.0%) and enteroinvasive E. coli (4.0%). Conclusions: This study showed a high prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, Escherichia coli of phylogroup D and pathotype enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in children under 5 years old in public hospitals in Franceville, most probably due to the misuse or inappropriate consumption of beta-lactams.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13111059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]],"date-time":"2024-11-07T04:22:56Z","timestamp":1730953376000},"page":"1059","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Characterization of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli in Diarrhoeal Faeces from 0 to 5-Year-Old Children Attending Public Hospitals in Franceville, Gabon"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Anicet-Clotaire","family":"Dikoumba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research and Analysis Unit (URAM), Interdisciplinary Center for Medical Research of Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville BP 769, Gabon"},{"name":"Omar Bongo Ondimba Army Instruction Hospital (HIAOBO), Libreville BP 20404, Gabon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5970-7826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre Philippe","family":"Mbehang Nguema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Animal Ecology, Tropical Ecology Research Institute (IRET), Libreville BP 13354, Gabon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leresche Even Doneilly","family":"Oyaba Yinda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research and Analysis Unit (URAM), Interdisciplinary Center for Medical Research of Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville BP 769, Gabon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7240-080X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romeo Wenceslas","family":"Lendamba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement des Op\u00e9rations Cliniques, Centre de Recherches M\u00e9dicales de Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9 (CERMEL), Lambarene BP 242, Gabon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean Constan","family":"Obague Mbeang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Animal Ecology, Tropical Ecology Research Institute (IRET), Libreville BP 13354, Gabon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guy Roger","family":"Ndong Atome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masuku University of Science and Technology (GABON), Franceville BP 901, Gabon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christophe Roland","family":"Zinga Koumba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Animal Ecology, Tropical Ecology Research Institute (IRET), Libreville BP 13354, Gabon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3436-0082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylvain","family":"Godreuil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Bact\u00e9riologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"UMR MIVEGEC IRD-CNRS-Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, IRD, 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0461-4670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Onanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research and Analysis Unit (URAM), Interdisciplinary Center for Medical Research of Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville BP 769, Gabon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Estimating the morbidity and mortality associated with infections due to multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDRB), France, 2012","volume":"5","author":"Lacoste","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.69.406","article-title":"Frequency and virulence properties of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in children with diarrhea in Gabon","volume":"69","author":"Presterl","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/pix024","article-title":"Defining pediatric diarrhea in low-resource settings","volume":"6","author":"Levine","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. Soc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001190","article-title":"Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance patterns of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in Shanghai, China","volume":"35","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"944","article-title":"Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of extended-spectrum-beta-lactamases producing-Enterobacteriaceae (ES\u03b2LE) in patients attending Omar Bongo Ondimba military hospital at Libreville (Gabon)","volume":"4","author":"Yala","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/2047-2994-3-17","article-title":"Prevalence of nosocomial infections and anti-infective therapy in Benin: Results of the first nationwide survey in 2012","volume":"3","author":"Ahoyo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2140","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt164","article-title":"High burden of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Gabon","volume":"68","author":"Schaumburg","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Pieboji, J.G. (2007). Caract\u00e9risation des Beta-Lactamases et leur Inhibition par les Extraits de Plantes M\u00e9dicinales\/Beta-Lactamase Characterization and Their Inhibition by Medicinal Plants Extract. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universite de Liege]."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"110","article-title":"CTX-M enzymes: Origin and diffusion","volume":"3","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00023-13","article-title":"Trends in human fecal carriage of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases in the community: Toward the globalization of CTX-M","volume":"26","author":"Woerther","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02399-12","article-title":"Carriage and fecal counts of cefotaxime M-producing Escherichia coli in pigs: A longitudinal study","volume":"79","author":"Hansen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2012.03850.x","article-title":"Extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing and AmpC-producing Escherichia coli from livestock and companion animals, and their putative impact on public health: A global perspective","volume":"18","author":"Ewers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2014.02.014","article-title":"Antimicrobial-resistant Enterobacteriaceae from humans and wildlife in Dzanga-Sangha Protected Area, Central African Republic","volume":"171","author":"Janatova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2512","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02512","article-title":"Worldwide phylogenetic group patterns of Escherichia coli from commensal human and wastewater treatment plant isolates","volume":"8","author":"Stoppe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610403","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/610403","article-title":"Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli phylogroups are associated with antibiotic resistance and duration of diarrheal episode","volume":"2015","author":"Mosquito","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkq153","article-title":"CTX-M-producing Escherichia coli in a maternity ward: A likely community importation and evidence of mother-to-neonate transmission","volume":"65","author":"Dubois","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"432","article-title":"Epidemiology of acute bacterial diarrhea in children in Libreville, Gabon","volume":"20","author":"Koko","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatr. Organe Off. Soc. Fr. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.3759\/tropics.23.165","article-title":"Bacteria culturing and isolation under field conditions of Moukalaba-Doudou National Park, Gabon, and preliminary survey on bacteria carrying antibiotic resistance genes","volume":"23","author":"Tsuchida","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tropics"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1556\/1886.2017.00014","article-title":"Epidemiology and antibiotic resistance phenotypes of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli responsible for infantile gastroenteritis in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso","volume":"7","author":"Guessennd","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"947","article-title":"Etiology of acute diarrhea in Tunisian children with emphasis on diarrheagenic Escherichia coli: Prevalence and identification of E. coli virulence markers","volume":"43","author":"Nejma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iran J. Public. Health"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmm.IJMM_16_21","article-title":"Spectrum of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli in paediatric population suffering from diarrhoea and as commensals in healthy children","volume":"35","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"221","article-title":"D\u00e9terminants cliniques et bact\u00e9riens au cours des infections extra-intestinales dues \u00e0 Escherichia coli","volume":"25","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.06.025","article-title":"Broiler chickens, broiler chicken meat, pigs and pork as sources of ExPEC related virulence genes and resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from community-dwelling humans and UTI patients","volume":"142","author":"Jakobsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2014.01.015","article-title":"Antimicrobial profiles of bacterial clinical isolates from the Gabonese National laboratory of public health: Data from routine activity","volume":"29","author":"Rerambiah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2009.04.015","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance among bacterial pathogens in Central Africa: A review of the published literature between 1955 and 2008","volume":"34","author":"Vlieghe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2017.28.29.11402","article-title":"Profil \u00e9pid\u00e9miologique des ent\u00e9robact\u00e9ries uropathog\u00e8nes productrices de b\u00eata-lactamases \u00e0 spectre \u00e9largi","volume":"28","author":"Sbiti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pan. Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkw262","article-title":"The colistin resistance mcr-1 gene is going wild","volume":"71","author":"Liakopoulos","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268816002879","article-title":"High prevalence of fosfomycin resistance gene fosA3 in blaCTX-M-harbouring Escherichia coli from urine in a Chinese tertiary hospital during 2010\u20132014","volume":"145","author":"Cao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2013.07.015","article-title":"Comparison of direct boiling method with commercial kits for extracting fecal microbiome DNA by Illumina sequencing of 16S rRNA tags","volume":"95","author":"Peng","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-2229.12019","article-title":"The Clermont Escherichia coli phylo-typing method revisited: Improvement of specificity and detection of new phylo-groups","volume":"5","author":"Clermont","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4555","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.66.10.4555-4558.2000","article-title":"Rapid and simple determination of the Escherichia coli phylogenetic group","volume":"66","author":"Clermont","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.4.1770-1772.2004","article-title":"Characterization of an anonymous molecular marker strongly linked to Escherichia coli strains causing neonatal meningitis","volume":"42","author":"Clermont","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1758-2229.2012.00374.x","article-title":"Commensal Escherichia coli strains in Guiana reveal a high genetic diversity with host-dependant population structure","volume":"5","author":"Lescat","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"CLSI (2017). Laboratory Standards Institute Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Standards M02-A12, M07-A10, and M11-A8, CLSI."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.21276\/iabcr.2016.2.2.8","article-title":"First report of blaCTX-M-15 extended spectrum beta-lactamase (Esbl) producing E. coli isolated from cloacal swabs of birds in South Eastern Nigeria","volume":"2","author":"Afiukwa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Biomed. Clin. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1655-3","article-title":"High prevalence of extended-spectrum \u00df-lactamase producing enterobacteriaceae among clinical isolates in Burkina Faso","volume":"16","author":"Ouedraogo","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/13\/11\/1059\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:27:48Z","timestamp":1760113668000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/13\/11\/1059"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics13111059"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics13111059","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]]}}}