{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T04:00:33Z","timestamp":1790136033546,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":249,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]],"date-time":"2024-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology"},{"name":"Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acinetobacter baumannii\u2014a multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogen that causes, for example, skin and soft tissue wounds; urinary tract infections; pneumonia; bacteremia; and endocarditis, particularly due to its ability to form robust biofilms\u2014poses a significant challenge in clinical settings. This structure protects the bacteria from immune responses and antibiotic treatments, making infections difficult to eradicate. Given the rise in antibiotic resistance, alternative therapeutic approaches are urgently needed. Bacteriophage-based strategies have emerged as a promising solution for combating A. baumannii biofilms. Phages, which are viruses that specifically infect bacteria, offer a targeted and effective means of disrupting biofilm and lysing bacterial cells. This review explores the current advancements in bacteriophage therapy, focusing on its potential for treating A. baumannii biofilm-related infections. We described the mechanisms by which phages interact with biofilms, the challenges in phage therapy implementation, and the strategies being developed to enhance its efficacy (phage cocktails, engineered phages, combination therapies with antibiotics). Understanding the role of bacteriophages in both biofilm disruption and in inhibition of its forming could pave the way for innovative treatments in combating MDR A. baumannii infections as well as the prevention of their development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13111064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]],"date-time":"2024-11-12T03:53:14Z","timestamp":1731383594000},"page":"1064","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Comprehensive Approaches to Combatting Acinetobacter baumannii Biofilms: From Biofilm Structure to Phage-Based Therapies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ilona","family":"Grygiel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriophage Laboratory, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0483-8612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olaf","family":"Bajrak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriophage Laboratory, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0573-3337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"W\u00f3jcicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriophage Laboratory, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaudia","family":"Krusiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriophage Laboratory, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6963-1415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Jo\u0144czyk-Matysiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriophage Laboratory, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0863-6041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"G\u00f3rski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriophage Laboratory, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland"},{"name":"Phage Therapy Unit, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland"},{"name":"Professor Emeritus, Department of Immunology, The Medical University of Warsaw, 02-006 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1517-7808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Majewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, University of Wroc\u0142aw, 51-148 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u0142awomir","family":"Letkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phage Therapy Unit, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland"},{"name":"Collegium Medicum, Jan D\u0142ugosz University, 42-200 Cz\u0119stochowa, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3711","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S332051","article-title":"Acinetobacter baumannii Biofilm Formation and Its Role in Disease Pathogenesis: A Review","volume":"14","author":"Gedefie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. 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