{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T07:09:24Z","timestamp":1791356964375,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]],"date-time":"2024-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant global health challenge affecting food safety and development. Residues of antibiotics in food from animal sources, particularly milk, contribute to the development and spread of AMR, alter intestinal microbiota, and potentially lead to allergies, serious health conditions, and environmental and technological problems within the dairy industry. Therefore, this study investigated the residue levels of veterinary drugs from \u03b2-lactam antibiotics and tetracyclines in milk and milk products and assessed human health risks. Two hundred milk and milk product samples (pasteurized milk, sterile milk, soft white cheese, and processed cheese, 50 each) were collected from different hospitals in the State of Kuwait and screened for antibiotic residues using a microbial inhibition assay (Delvotest SP-NT) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Delvotest SP-NT and HPLC analyses showed that 30, 28, 26, and 24% of the pasteurized milk, sterilized milk, white soft cheese, and processed cheese samples tested positive for antibiotic residues. Forty-eight milk and cheese samples were confirmed as positive by both methods, and six samples initially found to be negative by Delvotest SP-NT were confirmed as positive by HPLC. Multi-antibiotic residues were detected in five samples by using HPLC. The kappa coefficient (0.921; p &lt; 0.0001) revealed complete concordance between the HPLC and Delvotest SP-NT results. Ampicillin was the most abundant residue in the positive samples (31.48%), ranging from 2.44 to 3.89 \u03bcg\/L, with an overall mean concentration of 3.492 \u00b1 0.094 \u03bcg\/L, followed by tetracycline and oxytetracycline (27.78% each), ranging from 54.13 to 220.3 \u03bcg\/L and from 41.55 to 160.7 \u03bcg\/L, with mean concentrations of 129.477 \u00b1 14.22 and 91.86 \u00b1 9.92 \u03bcg\/L, respectively. The amoxicillin levels in the samples (12\/54; 22.22%) ranged from 3.11 to 5.5 \u03bcg\/L, with an overall mean concentration of 3.685 \u00b1 0.186 \u03bcg\/L. The maximum concentrations of ampicillin, amoxicillin, and tetracycline were detected in processed cheese with mean concentrations of 3.89 \u00b1 0.28 \u00b5g\/L, 3.95 \u00b1 0.15 \u00b5g\/L, and 170.3 \u00b1 0.27 \u00b5g\/L, respectively. Pasteurized milk contained the maximum concentrations of oxytetracycline, with a mean concentration of 120.45 \u00b1 0.25 \u00b5g\/L. The tetracycline residues exceeded the standard maximum residue limits (MRLs; 100 \u00b5g\/L) in 6% of both pasteurized and sterilized milk samples, and in 4% of processed cheese. Additionally, the oxytetracycline levels in pasteurized milk (6%) and amoxicillin levels in processed cheese (2%) were higher than the permitted MRLs (100 \u00b5g\/L and 4 \u00b5g\/L, respectively). Furthermore, the antibiotic residues detected in 12.5% (25\/200) of the samples were close to standard permissible MRL limits for ampicillin (5%), amoxicillin and oxytetracycline (3% each), and tetracycline (1.5%). Hazard quotients, which compare the standard acceptable daily intake (ADI) to the estimated daily exposure (EDI), indicated that the overall risk associated with antibiotic residues in these dairy products is low. The EDI was lower than the ADI for the tested antibiotics, indicating an elevated safety margin. While the overall hazard quotients are low, the potential for the development of antibiotic resistance due to long-term exposure to low levels of antibiotics should be considered. Hence, strict regulations and enforcement are necessary to prevent excessive residue levels and to promote responsible antibiotic use in dairy production. Regular monitoring of antibiotic residues in dairy products is essential for ensuring consumer safety.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13111073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]],"date-time":"2024-11-11T08:01:27Z","timestamp":1731312087000},"page":"1073","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Antibiotic Residues in Milk and Milk-Based Products Served in Kuwait Hospitals: Multi-Hazard Risk Assessment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Maha S.","family":"Alenezi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Safety, Hygiene and Technology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1246-6548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasmine H.","family":"Tartor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"El-Sherbini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Safety, Hygiene and Technology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9232-4165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Pet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Management and Rural Development Department, Faculty of Management and Rural Tourism, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8033-8463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirela","family":"Ahmadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adel","family":"Abdelkhalek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Safety, Hygiene and Technology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City 11829, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-024-03760-z","article-title":"The two faces of antibiotics: An overview of the effects of antibiotic residues in foodstuffs","volume":"98","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Economic Forum (2024, August 01). What Is Antimicrobial Resistance and How Can We Tackle It?. Available online: https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2024\/08\/antimicrobial-resistance-superbugs-antibiotics."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024, August 01). Antimicrobial Resistance. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/antimicrobial-resistance."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"World Economic Forum (2024, August 01). This Is How Many People Antibiotic Resistance Could Kill Every Year by 2050 If Nothing Is Done. Available online: https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2016\/09\/this-is-how-many-people-will-die-from-antimicrobial-resistance-every-year-by-2050-if-nothing-is-done\/."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2024, August 01). Drug-Resistant Infections: A Threat to Our Economic Future (March 2024). Available online: https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/topic\/health\/publication\/drug-resistant-infections-a-threat-to-our-economic-future."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"EMA, EFSA, and EMA Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use (CVMP) and EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) (2017). EMA and EFSA joint scientific opinion on measures to reduce the need to use antimicrobial agents in animal husbandry in the European Union, and the resulting impacts on food safety (RONAFA). EFSA J., 15, e04666."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.02.041","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of 38 veterinary antibiotic residues in raw milk by UPLC\u2013MS\/MS","volume":"181","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3704","DOI":"10.1080\/03067319.2021.1912334","article-title":"A review on antibiotic residue in foodstuffs from animal source: Global health risk and alternatives","volume":"103","author":"Haque","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caneschi, A., Bardhi, A., Barbarossa, A., and Zaghini, A. (2023). The Use of Antibiotics and Antimicrobial Resistance in Veterinary Medicine, a Complex Phenomenon: A Narrative Review. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12030487"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"662","article-title":"The public health issue of antibiotic residues in food and feed: Causes, consequences, and potential solutions","volume":"15","author":"Davares","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sadighara, P., Rostami, S., Shafaroodi, H., Sarshogi, A., Mazaheri, Y., and Sadighara, M. (2023). The e ect of residual antibiotics in food on intestinal microbiota: A systematic review. Front. Sustain. Food Syst., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2023.1163885"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Treiber, F.M., and Beranek-Knauer, H. (2021). Antimicrobial Residues in Food from Animal Origin\u2014A Review of the Literature Focusing on Products Collected in Stores and Markets Worldwide. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10050534"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16504","article-title":"Diet-induced extinctions in the gut microbiota compound over generations","volume":"529","author":"Sonnenburg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idairyj.2023.105695","article-title":"A review on the most frequently used methods to detect antibiotic residues in bovine raw milk","volume":"144","author":"Vercelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Dairy J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2020.109783","article-title":"Analysis of antibiotic residues in raw bovine milk and their impact toward food safety and on milk starter cultures in cheese-making process","volume":"131","author":"Chiesa","year":"2020","journal-title":"LWT Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e15395","article-title":"Screening of antibiotic residues in raw bovine milk in Lombardy, Italy: Microbial growth inhibition assay and LC-HRMS technique integration for an accurate monitoring","volume":"9","author":"Butovskaya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e07739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e07739","article-title":"Determination of antibiotic residues in milk and assessment of human health risk in Bangladesh","volume":"7","author":"Rahman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2024.110374","article-title":"The presence of antibiotic residues in raw milk samples obtained after the withdrawal period and other quality parameters in relation to selected factors","volume":"161","author":"Climova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Control."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2009.04.005","article-title":"Analytical methodologies for the detection of \u03b2-lactam antibiotics in milk and feed samples","volume":"28","author":"Kantiani","year":"2009","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.01.033","article-title":"Importance of antibiotic residues in animal food","volume":"125","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2024, August 01). Regulation (EC), N. Laying Down Specific Hygiene Rules for the Hygiene of Hygiene Rules for Food of Animal Origin. OJEU; L139. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/ALL\/?uri=CELEX%3A32004R0853."},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_22.1","unstructured":"European Union (2010). Regulation"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_22.2","unstructured":"(EU) no. 37\/2010 of 22 December 2009 on pharmacologically active substances and their classification regarding maximum residue limits in foodstuffs of animal origin. Off. J. Eur. Commun., L15, 1-72."},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_23.1","unstructured":"European Union (2019). Regulation"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_23.2","unstructured":"(EU) 2019\/6 of the European parliament and of the council of 11 December 2018 on veterinary medicinal products and repealing directive 2001\/82\/ec. Off. J., L4, 43-167."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2015.08.015","article-title":"Examining the feasibility of mixture risk assessment: A case study using a tiered approach with data of 67 pesticides from the Joint FAO\/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR)","volume":"84","author":"Evans","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2015.08.013","article-title":"Concentrations of organophosphorus pesticides in fresh vegetables and related human health risk assessment in Changchun, Northeast China","volume":"60","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Control."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2017.03.018","article-title":"Assessment of safety margins of exposure to non-genotoxic chemical substances in food","volume":"79","author":"Martorell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Control."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-18-434","article-title":"Food Safety Margin Assessment of Antibiotics: Pasteurized Goat\u2019s Milk and Fresh Cheese","volume":"82","author":"Quintanilla","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Codex Alimentarius Commission Standards (CAC) (2023). Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) and Risk Management Recommendations (RMRs) for Residues of Veterinary Drugs in Foods, FAO-WHO. CXM 2-2023."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salam, A., Al-Amin, Y., Salam, M.T., Pawar, J.S., Akhter, N., Rabaan, A.A., and Alqumber, M.A.A. (2023). Antimicrobial Resistance: A Growing Serious Threat for Global Public Health. Healthcare, 11.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202305.0555.v1"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3959","DOI":"10.15666\/aeer\/1905_39593977","article-title":"Antibiotic residues in food chains; impact on the environment and human health: A review","volume":"19","author":"Shahid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Ecol. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Nutrinews (2024, August 01). Addressing Antibiotic Residues in Milk for Health and Sustainability. Available online: https:\/\/nutrinews.com\/en\/addressing-antibiotic-residues-in-milk-for-health-and-sustainability."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"European Union (2002). Commission Decision 2002\/657\/EC of 12 August 2002 implementing Council Directive 96\/23\/EC concerning the performance of analytical methods and the interpretation of results. Off. J. Eur. Commun., L221, 8\u201336."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1007\/s12161-018-1365-0","article-title":"Validation of HPLC Multi-residue Method for Determination of Fluoroquinolones, Tetracycline, Sulphonamides and Chloramphenicol Residues in Bovine Milk","volume":"12","author":"Moudgil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1080\/09540105.2019.1707171","article-title":"Current advances in immunoassays for the detection of antibiotics residues: A review","volume":"31","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Agric. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s00769-015-1127-2","article-title":"PT as a tool to point out criticalities in the strategy for control of antibiotic residues in milk: The Italian experience","volume":"20","author":"Ferrini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Accredit. Qual. Assur."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"7886E","article-title":"Report for 2021 on the results from the monitoring of veterinary medicinal product residues and other substances in live animals and animal products","volume":"20","author":"Brocca","year":"2023","journal-title":"EFSA Support. Publ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfda.2016.07.007","article-title":"Assessment of antibacterial drug residues in milk for consumption in Kosovo","volume":"25","author":"Rama","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Food Drug Anal."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s40550-016-0042-6","article-title":"Assessment of antibiotic residues in commercial and farm milk collected in the region of Guelma (Algeria)","volume":"3","author":"Layada","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Contam."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.138445","article-title":"Cross-sectional, commercial testing, and chromatographic study of the occurrence of antibiotic residues throughout an artisanal raw milk cheese production chain","volume":"442","author":"Amores","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turner, J., Muraoka, A., Bedenbaugh, M., Childress, B., Pernot, L., Wiencek, M., and Peterson, Y.K. (2022). The Chemical Relationship Among Beta-Lactam Antibiotics and Potential Impacts on Reactivity and Decomposition. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.807955"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1080\/0265203031000098696","article-title":"Residues of \u03b2-lactam antibiotics in bovine milk: Confirmatory analysis by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry after microbial assay screening residues of b-lactam antibiotics in bovine milk: Confirmatory analysis by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry after microbial assay screening","volume":"20","author":"Ghidini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casseri, E., Bulut, E., Soto, S.L., Wemette, M., Stout, A., Safi, A.G., Lynch, R., Moroni, P., and Ivanek, R. (2022). Understanding Antibiotic Resistance as a Perceived Threat towards Dairy Cattle through Beliefs and Practices: A Survey-Based Study of Dairy Farmers. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11080997"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"1","article-title":"Detection and determination of oxytetracycline and penicillin g antibiotic residue levels in bovine bulk milk from nazareth dairy farms, ethiopia","volume":"8","author":"Abebew","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ethiop. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2230","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2023.2230-2235","article-title":"Tetracycline residues in fresh dairy milk from three districts in Indonesia: Occurrence and dietary exposure assessment","volume":"16","author":"Widiastuti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"1862","article-title":"Dietary exposure assessment of tetracycline residues in milk in Haryana","volume":"7","author":"Chauhan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.5497\/wjp.v11.i4.48","article-title":"Antibiotic residues in milk and milk products: A momentous challenge for the pharmaceutical industry and medicine","volume":"11","author":"Omairi","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S21","DOI":"10.2754\/avb201483S10S21","article-title":"Effect of pasteurization on the residues of tetracyclines in milk","volume":"83","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Brno"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.5455\/javar.2019.f376","article-title":"Time dependent screening of antibiotic residues in milk of antibiotics treated cows","volume":"6","author":"Anika","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.3390\/dairy3030039","article-title":"Antibiotics in Dairy Production: Where Is the Problem?","volume":"3","author":"Virto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dairy"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7569","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.9b01334","article-title":"Antibiotic Residues in Food: Extraction, Analysis, and Human Health Concerns","volume":"67","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1139\/cjas-2018-0224","article-title":"Residues of antibiotics in milk: Persistence and quality interference","volume":"100","author":"Alves","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1515\/jvetres-2017-0005","article-title":"Withdrawal of amoxicillin and penicillin G procaine from milk after intramammary administration in dairy cows with mastitis","volume":"61","author":"Tomasz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-4557.2007.00157.x","article-title":"Prevalence of antimicrobial residues in milk and dairy products in the state of kuwait","volume":"30","author":"Alomirah","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Food Qual."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(02)01446-2","article-title":"Validation of a high-performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of oxytetracycline, tetracycline, chlortetracycline and doxycycline in bovine milk and muscle","volume":"987","author":"Cinquina","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2009.04.032","article-title":"Multiresidue determination of tetracyclines, sulphonamides and chloramphenicol in bovine milk using HPLC-DAD","volume":"117","author":"Mamani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2010.05.004","article-title":"Determination of macrolide and lincosamide antibiotics by pressurised liquid extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in meat and milk","volume":"21","author":"Juan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Control."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"European Dairy Association (EDA) (2021). Daily Dairy Recommendations: Are We Eating Enough Dairy?, EDA. Available online: https:\/\/eda.euromilk.org\/fileadmin\/user_upload\/Public_Documents\/EDA_Position_papers-FactSheets\/Fact-sheets\/EDA-Factsheet-Daily-Dairy_Recommendations."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of The United Nations (2013). Milk and Dairy Products in Human Nutrition, FAO. Available online: https:\/\/www.fao.org\/4\/i3396e\/i3396e."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/13\/11\/1073\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:30:14Z","timestamp":1760113814000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/13\/11\/1073"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics13111073"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics13111073","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]]}}}