{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T03:35:09Z","timestamp":1793504109996,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]],"date-time":"2024-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chonnam National University Hospital Institute for Biomedical Science","award":["BCRI24056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BCRI24056"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: Uncomplicated cystitis is a leading form of bacterial UTI; the most common causative bacterium worldwide is Escherichia coli. This internet-based, prospective, multicenter, and national observational study aimed to report the antimicrobial resistance of E. coli in patients with uncomplicated cystitis through the use of the Korean Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (KARMS) in 2023. Results: Data for a total of 654 patients were retrieved from the KARMS database. The mean (standard deviation) patient age was 55.9 (18.3) years. The numbers of postmenopausal women and patients with recurrent cystitis were 381 (59.4%) and 78 (11.9%), respectively. Regarding antimicrobial susceptibility, 96.8% were susceptible to fosfomycin, 98.9% to nitrofurantoin, 50.9% to ciprofloxacin, and 82.4% to cefotaxime. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase positivity was 14.4% (89\/616), and was significantly higher in tertiary hospitals (24.6%, p &lt; 0.001) and recurrent cystitis (27.6%, p &lt; 0.001). Fluoroquinolone resistance was significantly higher in tertiary hospitals (57.8%, p &lt; 0.001), postmenopausal women (54.2%, p &lt; 0.001), and recurrent cystitis (70.3%, p &lt; 0.001). In addition, postmenopausal status (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.44\u20133.17, odds ratio [OR] 2.13, p &lt; 0.001), recurrent cystitis (95% CI: 1.40\u20134.66, OR 2.56, p = 0.002) and tertiary hospitals (95% CI: 1.00\u20132.93, OR 1.71, p = 0.049) were associated with significantly increased fluoroquinolone resistance. Methods: Any female patient diagnosed with clinical uncomplicated cystitis and microbiologically proven E. coli infection in 2023 was eligible for this study. Patient data were obtained from the web-based KARMS database. The antimicrobial susceptibility of E. coli was analyzed according to clinical factors, including hospital region, hospital type, menopause status, and recurrence status. Conclusions: The antimicrobial resistance of E. coli in patients with uncomplicated cystitis in the Republic of Korea has reached a serious level, especially in fluoroquinolone resistance. Therefore, major efforts should be made to reduce antimicrobial resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13111075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]],"date-time":"2024-11-12T05:21:59Z","timestamp":1731388919000},"page":"1075","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli for Uncomplicated Cystitis: Korean Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1761-2025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seong Hyeon","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4864-8175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung Il","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung-Ju","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The Catholic University of Korea, St. Vincent\u2019s Hospital, Suwon 16247, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mi-Mi","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2508-6819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin Bong","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Bucheon St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 14647, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6488-1933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang Il","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Hwaseong 18450, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9656-1678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yeon Joo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Daegu Fatima Hospital, Daegu 41199, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1667-2146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong Jin","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8364-704X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sangrak","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Uijeongbu St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 11765, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung Ki","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Goldman Urologic Clinic, Seoul 05510, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"KAUTII Investigators","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3432","article-title":"Urinary tract infections: Epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options","volume":"13","author":"Walker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. 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