{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T03:57:13Z","timestamp":1771473433142,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]],"date-time":"2024-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The burden of bacterial bloodstream infections (BSIs) is rapidly increasing in Africa including Rwanda. Methods: This is a retrospective study that investigates the diversity, distribution, and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of BSI bacteria in three tertiary referral hospitals in Rwanda between 2020 and 2022. Results: A total of 1532 blood culture tests were performed for visiting patients. Overall, the proportions of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria were 48.2% and 51.8, respectively. Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant species accounting for 25% of all Gram-positive BSI species, and Klebsiella species represented 41% of all Gram-negative BSI species. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that Amikacin exhibited the highest activity against Enterobacter spp., Serratia spp., and Escherichia coli in &gt;92% of cases and Klebsiella spp. in 75.7%. Meropenem and Imipenem were highly efficacious to Salmonella spp. (100% susceptibility), Enterobacter spp. (96.2% and 91.7%, respectively), and Escherichia coli (94.7% and 95.5%, respectively). The susceptibility of Enterococcus spp., S. aureus, and Streptococcus spp. to Vancomycin was 100%, 99.5%, and 97.1%, respectively. Klebsiella spp. was highly sensitive to Colistin (98.7%), Polymyxin B (85.6%), Imipenem (84.9%), and Meropenem (78.5%). Conclusions: We recommend strengthening the implementation of integrated transdisciplinary and multisectoral One Health including AMR stewardship for the surveillance, prevention, and control of AMR in Rwanda.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13111084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]],"date-time":"2024-11-14T04:15:49Z","timestamp":1731557749000},"page":"1084","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Diversity, Distribution, and Resistance Profiles of Bacterial Bloodstream Infections in Three Tertiary Referral Hospitals in Rwanda Between 2020 and 2022"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Misbah","family":"Gashegu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rwanda Biomedical Center, Kigali P.O. Box 7162, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0782-354X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vedaste","family":"Ndahindwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali 3286, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edson","family":"Rwagasore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rwanda Biomedical Center, Kigali P.O. Box 7162, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3118-4989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert","family":"Tuyishime","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rwanda Biomedical Center, Kigali P.O. Box 7162, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clarisse","family":"Musanabaganwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rwanda Biomedical Center, Kigali P.O. Box 7162, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7813-6440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noel","family":"Gahamanyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rwanda Biomedical Center, Kigali P.O. Box 7162, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Mukagatare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rwanda Biomedical Center, Kigali P.O. Box 7162, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7601-7044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Djibril","family":"Mbarushimana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Teaching Hospital of Butare, Butare 15232, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1984-4014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher Aird","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9929-5739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tafadzwa","family":"Dzinamarira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Systems & Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9516-9508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayman","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rwanda Biomedical Center, Kigali P.O. Box 7162, Rwanda"},{"name":"Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum 11111, Sudan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claude Mambo","family":"Muvunyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rwanda Biomedical Center, Kigali P.O. Box 7162, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e201","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00539-9","article-title":"The Burden of Bacterial Antimicrobial Resistance in the WHO African Region in 2019: A Cross-Country Systematic Analysis","volume":"12","author":"Sartorius","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. 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