{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:35:25Z","timestamp":1760146525889,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]],"date-time":"2024-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010751","name":"Fondecyt","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1240730"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1240730"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010751","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Waste milk harbors many bacteria and antibiotic residues. Calves fed with untreated waste milk have a higher incidence of scours and an increased risk of developing antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of treatment with copper ions on bacteria and antibiotics contained in bovine waste milk. Methods: Waste milk samples were collected from a dairy farm for seven weeks and were subjected to treatment with copper ions. Total bacterial counts, coliforms, Streptococcus, and Staphylococcus were assessed before and after treatment. Additionally, metagenomic analysis was performed to determine microbial diversity. Results: Before treatment, the total bacterial count average was 4.0 \u00d7 106 CFU\/mL, 1.7 \u00d7 104 CFU\/mL for coliforms, 2.6 \u00d7 106 CFU\/mL for Streptococcus, and 5.4 \u00d7 102 CFU\/mL for Staphylococcus Copper treatment significantly reduced bacterial counts within 15 min. Total bacteria decreased from 4.0 \u00d7 106 CFU\/mL to 1.1 \u00d7 102 CFU\/mL after 30 min; meanwhile, other groups were not detected. The most abundant groups were Lactococcus (29.94%), Pseudomonas (28.89%), and Enterobacteriaceae (21.19%). Beta-lactams were detected in five-sevenths samples, and in one sample they were detected before and at 15 min of treatment but not after 30 min. Conclusions: The effect of treatment with copper ions on the different bacterial groups was significantly effective but showed limited effect on the detection of antibiotics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13111085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]],"date-time":"2024-11-14T04:15:49Z","timestamp":1731557749000},"page":"1085","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Efficacy of Copper Ion Treatment on Bacteria and Antibiotic Residues Contained in Bovine Waste Milk"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6758-7067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Ulloa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile"},{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2855-2651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Penati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science\u2014DIVAS, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Constanza","family":"Naegel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0067-3593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Tejeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1637-5256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Agudelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile"},{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pamela","family":"Steuer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2144-7982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Salgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6976.12030","article-title":"The Complex Microbiota of Raw Milk","volume":"37","author":"Quigley","year":"2013","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2012.09.035","article-title":"Raw or Heated Cow Milk Consumption: Review of Risks and Benefits","volume":"31","author":"Claeys","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), Ricci, A., Allende, A., Bolton, D., Chemaly, M., Davies, R., Fern\u00e1ndez Esc\u00e1mez, P.S., Girones, R., Koutsoumanis, K., and Lindqvist, R. (2017). Risk for the Development of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Due to Feeding of Calves with Milk Containing Residues of Antibiotics. EFSA J., 15, 4665.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4665"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2014-8432","article-title":"Risk Factors for Antimicrobial Resistance in Fecal Escherichia coli from Preweaned Dairy Calves","volume":"98","author":"Duse","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calder\u00f3n-Amor, J., and Gallo, C. (2020). Dairy Calf Welfare and Factors Associated with Diarrhea and Respiratory Disease among Chilean Dairy Farms. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10071115"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zou, Y., Wang, Y., Deng, Y., Cao, Z., Li, S., and Wang, J. (2017). Effects of Feeding Untreated, Pasteurized and Acidified Waste Milk and Bunk Tank Milk on the Performance, Serum Metabolic Profiles, Immunity, and Intestinal Development in Holstein Calves. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-017-0182-4"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira, R.V.V., Siler, J.D., Bicalho, R.C., and Warnick, L.D. (2014). In Vivo Selection of Resistant E. coli after Ingestion of Milk with Added Drug Residues. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115223"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2682","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11891","article-title":"Feeding of Waste Milk to Holstein Calves Affects Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli and Pasteurella multocida Isolated from Fecal and Nasal Swabs","volume":"100","author":"Maynou","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022029924000219","article-title":"Effects of Feeding Pasteurized Waste Milk or Saleable Milk to Calves on Weight, Health and Fecal Escherichia coli Antimicrobial Resistance","volume":"91","author":"Cellone","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Dairy Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Penati, M., Sala, G., Biscarini, F., Boccardo, A., Bronzo, V., Castiglioni, B., Cremonesi, P., Moroni, P., Pravettoni, D., and Addis, M.F. (2021). Feeding Pre-Weaned Calves With Waste Milk Containing Antibiotic Residues Is Related to a Higher Incidence of Diarrhea and Alterations in the Fecal Microbiota. Front. Vet. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.650150"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4718","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2015-10728","article-title":"Colostrum and Milk Pasteurization Improve Health Status and Decrease Mortality in Neonatal Calves Receiving Appropriate Colostrum Ingestion","volume":"99","author":"Armengol","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2853","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.6.2853-2861.2005","article-title":"Efficacy of Various Pasteurization Time-Temperature Conditions in Combination with Homogenization on Inactivation of Mycobacterium Avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Milk","volume":"71","author":"Grant","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.14923","article-title":"Effectiveness of Copper Ions against Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and Bacterial Communities in Naturally Contaminated Raw Cow\u2019s Milk","volume":"131","author":"Steuer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbp.2018.09.003","article-title":"The Antimicrobial Effect of Metal Substrates on Food Pathogens","volume":"113","author":"Akhidime","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Bioprod. Process."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1039\/C8MT00239H","article-title":"Copper Stress in Staphylococcus aureus Leads to Adaptive Changes in Central Carbon Metabolism","volume":"11","author":"Tarrant","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metallomics"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02766-10","article-title":"Metallic Copper as an Antimicrobial Surface","volume":"77","author":"Grass","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steuer, P., Avilez, C., Tejeda, C., Gonzalez, N., Ramirez-Reveco, A., Ulloa, F., Mella, A., Grant, I.R., Collins, M.T., and Salgado, M. (2018). In Vitro Inactivation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) by Use of Copper Ions. BMC Microbiol., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-018-1313-6"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.4206\/ajvs.561.07","article-title":"Experimental Assessment of the Efficacy of Copper Ion Treatment against Penicillin G Contained in UHT Milk and PBS","volume":"56","author":"Ulloa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Austral J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Adkins, P.R.F., Middleton, J.R., Fox, L.K., Pighetti, G., Petersson-Wolfe, C., and National Mastitis Council (2017). Laboratory Handbook on Bovine Mastitis, National Mastitis Council."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12019","article-title":"Feeding Untreated and Pasteurized Waste Milk and Bulk Milk to Calves: Effects on Calf Performance, Health Status and Antibiotic Resistance of Faecal Bacteria","volume":"97","author":"Aust","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anim. Physiol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, Y., Khan, M.Z., Xiao, J., Alugongo, G.M., Chen, X., Li, S., Wang, Y., and Cao, Z. (2022). An Overview of Waste Milk Feeding Effect on Growth Performance, Metabolism, Antioxidant Status and Immunity of Dairy Calves. Front. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.898295"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12704","article-title":"An Update on Environmental Mastitis: Challenging Perceptions","volume":"65","author":"Klaas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6862","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-12750","article-title":"Management Practices for Male Calves on Canadian Dairy Farms","volume":"100","author":"Renaud","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skaa391","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaa391","article-title":"Hygiene Management in Newborn Individually Housed Dairy Calves Focusing on Housing and Feeding Practices","volume":"99","author":"Heinemann","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3503","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1623","article-title":"Quality Assessments of Waste Milk at a Calf Ranch","volume":"92","author":"Moore","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"201","article-title":"Bovine Paratuberculosis: A Review of the Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Diagnostic Tests","volume":"44","author":"Gilardoni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Argent Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-019-02151-2","article-title":"More Insights about the Interfering Effect of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) Infection on Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) Detection in Dairy Cattle","volume":"52","author":"Raffo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reyes-Jara, A., Cordero, N., Aguirre, J., Troncoso, M., and Figueroa, G. (2016). Antibacterial Effect of Copper on Microorganisms Isolated from Bovine Mastitis. Front. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00626"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2010-4074","article-title":"Invited Review: Mastitis in Dairy Heifers: Nature of the Disease, Potential Impact, Prevention, and Control","volume":"95","author":"Fox","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3233","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-13579","article-title":"Udder Health in Canadian Dairy Heifers during Early Lactation","volume":"101","author":"Naqvi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022029919001018","article-title":"Risk Factors of S. aureus Intramammary Infection in Pre Partum Dairy Heifers under Grazing Conditions and Molecular Characterization of Isolates from Heifers and Cows","volume":"87","author":"Camussone","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dairy Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petzer, I.-M., Karzis, J., Lesosky, M., Watermeyer, J.C., and Badenhorst, R. (2013). Host Adapted Intramammary Infections in Pregnant Heifers Which Were Co-Housed and Reared on Fresh Milk as Calves. BMC Vet. Res., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-9-49"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2023.107008","article-title":"Molecular and Serological Prevalence of Coxiella burnetii in Bovine Dairy Herds in Southern Chile: A PCR and ELISA-Based Assessment of Bulk Tank Milk Samples","volume":"247","author":"Bartolotti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2012.10.009","article-title":"Selective Degradation of Tetracycline Antibiotics Present in Raw Milk by Electrochemical Method","volume":"243","author":"Kitazono","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1007\/s10163-016-0517-9","article-title":"Antibiotic Removal from Waste Milk by Electrochemical Process: Degradation Characteristics in Concentrated Organic Solution","volume":"19","author":"Kitazono","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Wang, H., Cui, Y., and Chen, N. (2023). Removal of Copper Ions from Wastewater: A Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20053885"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.169223","article-title":"Co-Selection Mechanism for Bacterial Resistance to Major Chemical Pollutants in the Environment","volume":"912","author":"Huo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2889","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.15376","article-title":"Serotyping and Antibiotic Resistance of Listeria monocytogenes Isolated from Raw Water Buffalo Milk and Milk Products","volume":"85","author":"Gucukoglu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karolenko, C.E., Bhusal, A., Gautam, D., and Muriana, P.M. (2020). Selenite Cystine Agar for Enumeration of Inoculated Salmonella Serovars Recovered from Stressful Conditions during Antimicrobial Validation Studies. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8030338"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gelalcha, B.D., Mohammed, R.I., Gelgie, A.E., and Kerro Dego, O. (2023). Molecular Epidemiology and Pathogenomics of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producing- Escherichia coli and -Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolates from Bulk Tank Milk in Tennessee, USA. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1283165"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4988","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2009-2290","article-title":"Short Communication: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Detection in US Bulk Tank Milk","volume":"92","author":"Virgin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9399","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-020-10909-0","article-title":"A Novel One-Day Phage-Based Test for Rapid Detection and Enumeration of Viable Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Cows\u2019 Milk","volume":"104","author":"Foddai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s40543-019-0164-6","article-title":"Determination of Copper(II) by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry after Its Perconcentration by a Highly Selective and Environmentally Friendly Dispersive Liquid\u2013Liquid Microextraction Technique","volume":"10","author":"Bagherian","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anal. Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/13\/11\/1085\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:31:59Z","timestamp":1760113919000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/13\/11\/1085"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics13111085"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics13111085","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2079-6382"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]]}}}