{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:59:51Z","timestamp":1792803591563,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Iuliu Ha\u0163ieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy","award":["PCD 882\/57\/13.01.2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCD 882\/57\/13.01.2022"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/051h0cw83","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) leaves are valuable sources of bioactive compounds, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and tannins, which contribute to their potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Objectives: The overall aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial potential of extracts rich in bioactive compounds from blackcurrant leaves prepared in natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDESs). The objectives included the optimization of polyphenols extraction in NaDESs, characterization of the phytochemical composition by liquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (LC-MS), explanation of the chemical interactions between solvent systems and the main bioactive compound (chlorogenic acid) by molecular dynamics simulations, and evaluation of biological efficacy through antimicrobial tests. Methods: Two hydrogen-bond acceptors (HBAs) and three hydrogen-bond donors (HBDs) were tested. The experimental design included variables such as the HBA:HBD molar ratio, water percentage, extraction time, and extraction techniques used, specifically ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and ultra-turrax extraction (UTE). The evaluated responses included the total polyphenol content, total flavonoid content, and total antioxidant activity. Antimicrobial assays were performed on four Gram-positive and three Gram-negative bacterial species, as well as one fungus, Candida albicans. Results: The extracts obtained by UAE showed higher concentrations of polyphenols and increased antioxidant potential. LC-MS analysis revealed the predominant presence of chlorogenic acid. The extracts showed significant activities against Gram-positive bacteria and Candida albicans. Conclusions: This study highlights the antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials of blackcurrant leaves extracts prepared in NaDESs, confirming that this type of solvent enhances polyphenols extraction and offers perspectives for new therapeutic formulations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13121118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T06:41:48Z","timestamp":1732257708000},"page":"1118","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Antimicrobial Effectiveness of Ribes nigrum L. Leaf Extracts Prepared in Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NaDESs)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Maria-Beatrice","family":"Solcan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babe\u0219 Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4865-0777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana-Maria","family":"Vlase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babe\u0219 Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9397-0388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Marc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babe\u0219 Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3914-0110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dana","family":"Muntean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babe\u0219, Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tibor","family":"Casian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babe\u0219, Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2363-4041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George Cosmin","family":"Nad\u0103\u0219","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Calea M\u0103n\u0103\u0219tur, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3900-1433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiana \u0218tefania","family":"Novac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Calea M\u0103n\u0103\u0219tur, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7449-5753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela-Saveta","family":"Popa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babe\u0219 Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0664-3387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurian","family":"Vlase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babe\u0219, Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1039\/C5FO00147A","article-title":"Strawberry as a Health Promoter: An Evidence Based Review","volume":"6","author":"Giampieri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4763","DOI":"10.1021\/jf104445c","article-title":"Ascorbic Acid, Phenolic Acid, Flavonoid, and Carotenoid Profiles of Selected Extracts from Ribes Nigrum","volume":"59","author":"Tabart","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5799","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.3592","article-title":"Biological Activities, Therapeutic Potential, and Pharmacological Aspects of Blackcurrants (Ribes nigrum L): A Comprehensive Review","volume":"11","author":"Ejaz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2012.07.014","article-title":"Flavonoids as Antioxidants in Plants: Location and Functional Significance","volume":"196","author":"Agati","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12830","DOI":"10.1021\/jf203052j","article-title":"Identification and Characterization of Low Molecular Weight Polyphenols in Berry Leaf Extracts by HPLC-DAD and LC-ESI\/MS","volume":"59","author":"Gorzelany","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2016.04.029","article-title":"Changing the Content of Phenolic Compounds as the Response of Blackcurrant (Ribes Nigrum L.) Leaves after Blackcurrant Leaf Midge (Dasineura Tetensi R\u00fcbs.) Infestation","volume":"106","author":"Piotrowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ojuederie, O., and Babalola, O. (2017). Microbial and Plant-Assisted Bioremediation of Heavy Metal Polluted Environments: A Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14121504"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3109\/07388551.2010.513327","article-title":"Bio-Encapsulation of Microbial Cells for Targeted Agricultural Delivery","volume":"31","author":"John","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules16021486","article-title":"Plant Polyphenols and Their Anti-Cariogenic Properties: A Review","volume":"16","author":"Ferrazzano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibiod.2017.04.016","article-title":"Profiling Secondary Metabolites of Plant Defence Mechanisms and Oil Palm in Response to Ganoderma Boninense Attack","volume":"122","author":"Sahebi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ivanovi\u0107, M., Islam\u010devi\u0107 Razbor\u0161ek, M., and Kolar, M. (2020). Innovative Extraction Techniques Using Deep Eutectic Solvents and Analytical Methods for the Isolation and Characterization of Natural Bioactive Compounds from Plant Material. Plants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9111428"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NP00065D","article-title":"Selection and Characterization of Botanical Natural Products for Research Studies: A NaPDI Center Recommended Approach","volume":"36","author":"Kellogg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7313","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules15107313","article-title":"Plant Phenolics: Extraction, Analysis and Their Antioxidant and Anticancer Properties","volume":"15","author":"Dai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Djordjevi\u0107, B., Djurovi\u0107, D., Zec, G., Dabi\u0107 Zagorac, D., Nati\u0107, M., Meland, M., and Fotiri\u0107 Ak\u0161i\u0107, M. (2022). Does Shoot Age Influence Biological and Chemical Properties in Black Currant (Ribes nigrum L.) Cultivars?. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11070866"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10501","DOI":"10.1021\/jf303398z","article-title":"An Optimized Method for Analysis of Phenolic Compounds in Buds, Leaves, and Fruits of Black Currant (Ribes nigrum L.)","volume":"60","author":"Vagiri","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2017.04.038","article-title":"Valorization of Apple Tree Wood Residues by Polyphenols Extraction: Comparison between Conventional and Microwave-Assisted Extraction","volume":"104","author":"Moreira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Charpentier, T., Boisard, S., Le Ray, A.-M., Br\u00e9ard, D., Chabrier, A., Esselin, H., Guilet, D., Ripoll, C., and Richomme, P. (2022). A Descriptive Chemical Composition of Concentrated Bud Macerates through an Optimized SPE-HPLC-UV-MS2 Method\u2014Application to Alnus Glutinosa, Ribes Nigrum, Rosa Canina, Rosmarinus Officinalis and Tilia Tomentosa. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11020144"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.7b00945","article-title":"Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents: Properties, Applications, and Perspectives","volume":"81","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2019.09.019","article-title":"Emerging Frontiers of Deep Eutectic Solvents in Drug Discovery and Drug Delivery Systems","volume":"316","author":"Hayyan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmt.2017.11.005","article-title":"Deep Eutectic Solvents for the Production and Application of New Materials","volume":"10","author":"Brett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2020.112870","article-title":"Futuristic Advance and Perspective of Deep Eutectic Solvent for Extractive Desulfurization of Fuel Oil: A Review","volume":"306","author":"Majid","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2019.115623","article-title":"Application of Deep Eutectic Solvents in Chromatography: A Review","volume":"120","author":"Cai","year":"2019","journal-title":"TrAC\u2014Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2017.09.005","article-title":"Free-Radical Polymerizations of and in Deep Eutectic Solvents: Green Synthesis of Functional Materials","volume":"78","author":"Carranza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogsc.2019.09.004","article-title":"Deep Eutectic Solvents and Their Applications as Green Solvents","volume":"21","author":"Perna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Green Sustain. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cannavacciuolo, C., Pagliari, S., Frigerio, J., Giustra, C.M., Labra, M., and Campone, L. (2022). Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADESs) Combined with Sustainable Extraction Techniques: A Review of the Green Chemistry Approach in Food Analysis. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12010056"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2010.12.026","article-title":"A Critical Review of Methods for Characterisation of Polyphenolic Compounds in Fruits and Vegetables","volume":"126","author":"Ignat","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2017.05.012","article-title":"New Horizons in the Extraction of Bioactive Compounds Using Deep Eutectic Solvents: A Review","volume":"979","author":"Hayyan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2018.05.001","article-title":"Extraction Techniques with Deep Eutectic Solvents","volume":"105","author":"Cunha","year":"2018","journal-title":"TrAC\u2014Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.127673","article-title":"Optimization of Enzyme Assisted Extraction of Protein from the Sugar Beet (Beta Vulgaris L.) Leaves for Alternative Plant Protein Concentrate Production","volume":"335","author":"Ersus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochx.2021.100192","article-title":"A Comparison Study between Ultrasound\u2013Assisted and Enzyme\u2013Assisted Extraction of Anthocyanins from Blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.)","volume":"13","author":"Carrera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem. X"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turrini, F., Donno, D., Beccaro, G.L., Zunin, P., Pittaluga, A., and Boggia, R. (2019). Pulsed Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction as an Alternative Method to Conventional Maceration for the Extraction of the Polyphenolic Fraction of Ribes Nigrum Buds: A New Category of Food Supplements Proposed by The FINNOVER Project. Foods, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods8100466"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Solcan, M.B., Fize\u0219an, I., Vlase, L., Vlase, A.M., Rusu, M.E., Mate\u0219, L., Petru, A.E., Cre\u0219tin, I.V., Tomu\u021b\u01ce, I., and Popa, D.S. (2023). Phytochemical Profile and Biological Activities of Extracts Obtained from Young Shoots of Blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.), European Blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.), and Mountain Cranberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.). Horticulturae, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae9111163"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.128101","article-title":"Ultrasound Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from BRS Violet Grape Pomace Followed by Alginate-Ca2+ Encapsulation","volume":"338","author":"Finger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mili\u0107, A., Dani\u010di\u0107, T., Tepi\u0107 Horecki, A., \u0160umi\u0107, Z., Tesli\u0107, N., Bursa\u0107 Kova\u010devi\u0107, D., Putnik, P., and Pavli\u0107, B. (2022). Sustainable Extractions for Maximizing Content of Antioxidant Phytochemicals from Black and Red Currants. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11030325"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.3390\/nu2121231","article-title":"Chemistry and Biochemistry of Dietary Polyphenols","volume":"2","author":"Tsao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.46991\/PYSU:B\/2023.57.1.054","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Ethanol Extracts of Ribes nigrum and Ribes rubrum Leaves","volume":"57","author":"Babayan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. YSU B Chem. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.2298\/JSC1001035S","article-title":"Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil of the Leaves of Black Currant (Ribes nigrum L.) Cultivar \u010ca\u010danska Crna","volume":"75","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Serbian Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.5937\/AASer2253025P","article-title":"Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Profile of Black Currant Berries and Leaves","volume":"27","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Agric. Serbica"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2016.06.004","article-title":"Polyphenolic Extracts of Cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) and Blackcurrant (Ribes Nigrum L.) Leaves as Natural Preservatives in Meat Products","volume":"59","author":"Nowak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magnavacca, A., Piazza, S., Cammisa, A., Fumagalli, M., Martinelli, G., Giavarini, F., Sangiovanni, E., and Dell\u2019agli, M. (2021). Ribes Nigrum Leaf Extract Preferentially Inhibits Ifn-\u03b3-Mediated Inflammation in Hacat Keratinocytes. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26103044"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hovhannisyan, Z., Timotina, M., Manoyan, J., Gabrielyan, L., Petrosyan, M., Kusznierewicz, B., Bartoszek, A., Jacob, C., Ginovyan, M., and Trchounian, K. (2022). Ribes Nigrum L. Extract-Mediated Green Synthesis and Antibacterial Action Mechanisms of Silver Nanoparticles. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11101415"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2015.02.041","article-title":"Comparison of Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Potential between Selected Edible Fruits and Their Leaves","volume":"14","author":"Teleszko","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"421","article-title":"Antimicrobial And Antioxidant Activities Of Different Spice Extracts","volume":"22","author":"Arslan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2005.03.023","article-title":"Phenolics as Potential Antioxidant Therapeutic Agents: Mechanism and Actions","volume":"579","author":"Soobrattee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mutat. Res.\u2014Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"120","article-title":"Influence of Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) on Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Seed Extracts of Selected Citrus Species","volume":"21","year":"2020","journal-title":"IRJPAC"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2012.01.005","article-title":"Effect of Phenolic Acids from Black Currant, Sour Cherry and Walnut on Grain Aphid (Sitobion Avenae F.) Development","volume":"35","author":"Chrzanowski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crop Prot."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Urso, G., Montoro, P., and Piacente, S. (2020). Detection and Comparison of Phenolic Compounds in Different Extracts of Black Currant Leaves by Liquid Chromatography Coupled with High-Resolution ESI-LTQ-Orbitrap MS and High-Sensitivity ESI-Qtrap MS. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 179.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2019.112926"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Gondcaille, C., Cherkaoui-Malki, M., Savary, S., Minasyan, A., and Pires, V. (2024). Ribes Nigrum Leaf Extract: Antioxidant Capacity and Redox Balance Regulation Mechanism in Microglial Cells. Res. Sq."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3233\/BR-2010-006","article-title":"Nutritional Quality of Berries and Bioactive Compounds in the Leaves of Black Currant (Ribes Nigrum L.) Cultivars Evaluated in Estonia","volume":"1","author":"Raudsepp","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Berry Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2311","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.9429","article-title":"Antibacterial and Antioxidative Properties of Different Parts of Garden Rhubarb, Blackcurrant, Chokeberry and Blue Honeysuckle","volume":"99","author":"Raudsepp","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rusu, M.E., Gheldiu, A.M., Mocan, A., Moldovan, C., Popa, D.S., Tomuta, I., and Vlase, L. (2018). Process Optimization for Improved Phenolic Compounds Recovery from Walnut (Juglans regia L.) Septum: Phytochemical Profile and Biological Activities. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23112814"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rusu, M.E., Georgiu, C., Pop, A., Mocan, A., Kiss, B., Vostinaru, O., Fizesan, I., Stefan, M.G., Gheldiu, A.M., and Mates, L. (2020). Antioxidant Effects of Walnut (Juglans regia L.) Kernel and Walnut Septum Extract in a D-Galactose-Induced Aging Model and in Naturally Aged Rats. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9050424"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rusu, M.E., Fize\u0219an, I., Pop, A., Gheldiu, A.M., Mocan, A., Cri\u0219an, G., Vlase, L., Loghin, F., Popa, D.S., and Tomuta, I. (2019). Enhanced Recovery of Antioxidant Compounds from Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) Involucre Based on Extraction Optimization: Phytochemical Profile and Biological Activities. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8100460"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olivares, B., Mart\u00ednez, F., Rivas, L., Calder\u00f3n, C., Munita, J.M., and Campodonico, P.R. (2018). A Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent Formulated to Stabilize \u03b2-Lactam Antibiotics. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-33148-w"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2022.118551","article-title":"Betaine-Urea Deep Eutectic Solvent Improves Imipenem Antibiotic Activity","volume":"350","author":"Olivares","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nystedt, H.L., Gr\u00f8nlien, K.G., Rolfsnes, R.R., Winther-Larsen, H.C., \u00d8kstad, O.A.L., and T\u00f8nnesen, H.H. (2023). Neutral Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents as Anti-Biofilm Agents. Biofilm, 5.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100114"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bedair, H.M., Samir, T.M., and Mansour, F.R. (2024). Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 108.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-024-13044-2"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"351","article-title":"Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Antibacterial Potential of Bioactive Compounds from Ajuga reptans Extracts","volume":"65","author":"Toiu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Farmacia"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vlase, A.M., Toiu, A., Tomu\u021b\u0103, I., Vlase, L., Muntean, D., Casian, T., Fize\u0219an, I., Nad\u0103\u0219, G.C., Novac, C.\u0218., and T\u0103ma\u0219, M. (2023). Epilobium Species: From Optimization of the Extraction Process to Evaluation of Biological Properties. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12010091"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gligor, O., Clichici, S., Moldovan, R., Muntean, D., Vlase, A.M., Nad\u0103\u0219, G.C., Filip, G.A., Vlase, L., and Cri\u0219an, G. (2023). Influences of Different Extraction Techniques and Their Respective Parameters on the Phytochemical Profile and Biological Activities of Xanthium Spinosum L. Extracts. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12040712"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gligor, O., Clichici, S., Moldovan, R., Muntean, D., Vlase, A.M., Nad\u0103\u0219, G.C., Novac, C.\u0218., Filip, G.A., Vlase, L., and Cri\u0219an, G. (2022). Red Clover and the Importance of Extraction Processes\u2014Ways in Which Extraction Techniques and Parameters Affect Trifolium Pratense L. Extracts\u2019 Phytochemical Profile and Biological Activities. Processes, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr10122581"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"498","article-title":"Polyphenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Chrysanthemum parthenium Extract","volume":"64","author":"Hanganu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Farmacia"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.softx.2015.06.001","article-title":"GROMACS: High Performance Molecular Simulations through Multi-Level Parallelism from Laptops to Supercomputers","volume":"1\u20132","author":"Abraham","year":"2015","journal-title":"SoftwareX"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt055","article-title":"GROMACS 4.5: A High-Throughput and Highly Parallel Open Source Molecular Simulation Toolkit","volume":"29","author":"Pronk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2023.123249","article-title":"Hydration Is Not Detrimental for Glycerol:Lactic Acid Deep Eutectic Mixtures","volume":"391","author":"Rocha","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2022.121155","article-title":"Towards a Rational Design of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents for the Extraction of Polyphenols from Luma Apiculata","volume":"372","author":"Malebran","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11225","DOI":"10.1021\/ja9621760","article-title":"Development and Testing of the OPLS All-Atom Force Field on Conformational Energetics and Properties of Organic Liquids","volume":"118","author":"Jorgensen","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.37.785","article-title":"Development of the Colle-Salvetti Correlation-Energy Formula into a Functional of the Electron Density","volume":"37","author":"Lee","year":"1988","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.21816","article-title":"SwissParam: A Fast Force Field Generation Tool for Small Organic Molecules","volume":"32","author":"Zoete","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Comput. Chem."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6469","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jcim.3c01053","article-title":"SwissParam 2023: A Modern Web-Based Tool for Efficient Small Molecule Parametrization","volume":"63","author":"Bugnon","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Chem. Inf. Model."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.21224","article-title":"P ACKMOL: A Package for Building Initial Configurations for Molecular Dynamics Simulations","volume":"30","author":"Andrade","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Comput. Chem."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2021.118427","article-title":"Mixtures of Choline Chloride and Tetrabutylammonium Bromide with Imidazole as Examples of Deep Eutectic Solvents: Their Structure by Theoretical and Experimental Investigation","volume":"352","author":"Muzio","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2022.105946","article-title":"Ultrasound-Assisted Deep Eutectic Solvents Extraction of Glabridin and Isoliquiritigenin from Glycyrrhiza Glabra: Optimization, Extraction Mechanism and in Vitro Bioactivities","volume":"83","author":"Xing","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochemistry"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2023.106491","article-title":"Total Biflavonoids Extraction from Selaginella Chaetoloma Utilizing Ultrasound-Assisted Deep Eutectic Solvent: Optimization of Conditions, Extraction Mechanism, and Biological Activity in Vitro","volume":"98","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochemistry"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2024.140988","article-title":"Investigating the Microscopic Mechanisms of Deep Eutectic Solvents Formed with Natural Compounds: Multiscale Simulation and Cross-Validation","volume":"441","author":"Yao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10089","DOI":"10.1063\/1.464397","article-title":"Particle Mesh Ewald: An N\u22c5log(N) Method for Ewald Sums in Large Systems","volume":"98","author":"Darden","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"O255","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12373","article-title":"Development of the EUCAST Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Method and Its Implementation in Routine Microbiology Laboratories","volume":"20","author":"Matuschek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung, I.G., Jeong, J.Y., Yum, S.H., and Hwang, Y.J. (2022). Inhibitory Effects of Selected Medicinal Plants on Bacterial Growth of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27227780"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galgano, M., Capozza, P., Pellegrini, F., Cordisco, M., Sposato, A., Sblano, S., Camero, M., Lanave, G., Fracchiolla, G., and Corrente, M. (2022). Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils Evaluated In Vitro against Escherichia Coli and Staphylococcus Aureus. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11070979"}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/13\/12\/1118\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:37:32Z","timestamp":1760114252000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/13\/12\/1118"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics13121118"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics13121118","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]]}}}