{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T19:22:00Z","timestamp":1789586520169,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,23]],"date-time":"2024-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n of Spain","award":["CP19\/00104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CP19\/00104"]}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n of Spain","award":["Plan Estatal de I + D+i 2017\u20132020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Plan Estatal de I + D+i 2017\u20132020"]}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n of Spain","award":["PMP22\/00092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PMP22\/00092"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["CP19\/00104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CP19\/00104"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["Plan Estatal de I + D+i 2017\u20132020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Plan Estatal de I + D+i 2017\u20132020"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["PMP22\/00092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PMP22\/00092"]}]},{"name":"European Social Fund","award":["CP19\/00104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CP19\/00104"]}]},{"name":"European Social Fund","award":["Plan Estatal de I + D+i 2017\u20132020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Plan Estatal de I + D+i 2017\u20132020"]}]},{"name":"European Social Fund","award":["PMP22\/00092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PMP22\/00092"]}]},{"name":"NextGeneration European Union funds","award":["CP19\/00104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CP19\/00104"]}]},{"name":"NextGeneration European Union funds","award":["Plan Estatal de I + D+i 2017\u20132020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Plan Estatal de I + D+i 2017\u20132020"]}]},{"name":"NextGeneration European Union funds","award":["PMP22\/00092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PMP22\/00092"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Enterococcus faecium is a Gram-positive bacterium increasingly identified as a critical nosocomial pathogen that poses significant treatment challenges due to its resistance to multiple antibiotics, particularly vancomycin-resistant E. faecium (VRE) strains. The urgent need for alternative therapeutic strategies has renewed interest in bacteriophage (phage) therapy, given phages specificity and bactericidal potential. This review explores the advancements in phage therapy against antibiotic-resistant E. faecium, including phage morphological diversity, genomic characteristics, and infection mechanisms. The efficacy of phage therapy in in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models and the compassionate use in clinical settings are evaluated, highlighting the promising outcomes of phage\u2013antibiotic synergies and biofilm disruption. Key challenges and future research directions are discussed, with a focus on improving therapeutic efficacy and overcoming bacterial resistance. This review emphasizes the potential of phage therapy as a viable solution for managing multidrug-resistant E. faecium infections and underscores the importance of future investigations to enhance clinical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13121120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T03:59:01Z","timestamp":1732507141000},"page":"1120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Bacteriophage Therapy as a Promising Alternative for Antibiotic-Resistant Enterococcus faecium: Advances and Challenges"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8592-5305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Ribes-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Department, IIS-Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"CIBERINFEC-Consorcio Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Infecciosas, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"MePRAM, Proyecto de Medicina de Precisi\u00f3n Contra las Resistencias Antimicrobianas, CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2457-7165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria-Carmen","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-Egea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Department, IIS-Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"CIBERINFEC-Consorcio Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Infecciosas, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7996-0837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose","family":"Yuste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MePRAM, Proyecto de Medicina de Precisi\u00f3n Contra las Resistencias Antimicrobianas, CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Spanish Pneumococcal Reference Laboratory, National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"CIBERES-Consorcio Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8971-3167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaime","family":"Esteban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Department, IIS-Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"CIBERINFEC-Consorcio Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Infecciosas, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"MePRAM, Proyecto de Medicina de Precisi\u00f3n Contra las Resistencias Antimicrobianas, CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1889-1377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meritxell","family":"Garc\u00eda-Quintanilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Department, IIS-Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"CIBERINFEC-Consorcio Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Infecciosas, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"MePRAM, Proyecto de Medicina de Precisi\u00f3n Contra las Resistencias Antimicrobianas, CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"000880","article-title":"Exploring the Mobilome and Resistome of Enterococcus faecium in a One Health Context across Two Continents","volume":"8","author":"Sanderson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microb. 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