{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T23:00:59Z","timestamp":1790895659554,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Investigator Grant","award":["APP1197866"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1197866"]}]},{"name":"Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Investigator Grant","award":["APP2007007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP2007007"]}]},{"name":"Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Investigator Grant","award":["APP2009736"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP2009736"]}]},{"name":"Australian National Health and Medical Research Council","award":["APP1197866"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1197866"]}]},{"name":"Australian National Health and Medical Research Council","award":["APP2007007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP2007007"]}]},{"name":"Australian National Health and Medical Research Council","award":["APP2009736"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP2009736"]}]},{"name":"Investigator Grant","award":["APP1197866"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1197866"]}]},{"name":"Investigator Grant","award":["APP2007007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP2007007"]}]},{"name":"Investigator Grant","award":["APP2009736"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP2009736"]}]},{"name":"Advancing Queensland Clinical Fellowship","award":["APP1197866"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1197866"]}]},{"name":"Advancing Queensland Clinical Fellowship","award":["APP2007007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP2007007"]}]},{"name":"Advancing Queensland Clinical Fellowship","award":["APP2009736"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP2009736"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The antimicrobial concentration\u2013time profile in humans affects antimicrobial activity, and as such, it is critical for preclinical infection models to simulate human-like dynamic concentration\u2013time profiles for maximal translatability. This review discusses the setup, principle, and application of various dynamic in vitro PK\/PD infection models commonly used in the development and optimisation of antimicrobial treatment regimens. It covers the commonly used dynamic in vitro infection models, including the one-compartment model, hollow fibre infection model, biofilm model, bladder infection model, and aspergillus infection model. It summarises the mathematical methods for the simulation of the pharmacokinetic profile of single or multiple antimicrobials when using the serial or parallel configurations of in vitro systems. Dynamic in vitro models offer reliable pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic data to help define the initial dosing regimens of new antimicrobials that can be developed further in clinical trials. They can also help in the optimisation of dosing regimens for existing antimicrobials, especially in the presence of emerging antimicrobial resistance. In conclusion, dynamic in vitro infection models replicate the interactions that occur between microorganisms and dynamic antimicrobial exposures in the human body to generate data highly predictive of the clinical efficacy. They are particularly useful for the development new treatment strategies against antimicrobial-resistant pathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13121201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T04:15:03Z","timestamp":1733804103000},"page":"1201","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Dynamic In Vitro PK\/PD Infection Models for the Development and Optimisation of Antimicrobial Regimens: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8569-7956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yalew M.","family":"Wale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos P.O. Box 269, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason A.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia"},{"name":"Departments of Pharmacy and Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women\u2019s Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia"},{"name":"Division of Anesthesia Critical Care and Emergency and Pain Medicine, Nimes University Hospital, University of Montpellier, UR UM 103, 34090 Nimes, France"},{"name":"Herston Infectious Diseases Institute (HeIDI), Metro North Health, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4061-2063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fekade B.","family":"Sime","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1086\/322664","article-title":"The ethical challenge of infection-inducing challenge experiments","volume":"33","author":"Miller","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. 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