{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T09:39:39Z","timestamp":1793353179778,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]],"date-time":"2024-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Rural Development Administration","award":["RS-2020-RD008879"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2020-RD008879"]}]},{"name":"Rural Development Administration","award":["2022R1I1A1A01069698"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1I1A1A01069698"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2020-RD008879"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2020-RD008879"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022R1I1A1A01069698"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1I1A1A01069698"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The growing threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, highlights the urgent need for alternative treatments such as bacteriophage (phage) therapy. Phage therapy offers a targeted approach to combat bacterial infections, particularly those resistant to conventional antibiotics. This study aimed to standardize an agar plate method for high-mix, low-volume phage production, suitable for personalized phage therapy. Plaque assays were conducted with the double-layer agar method, and plaque sizes were precisely measured using image analysis tools. Regression models developed with Minitab software established correlations between plaque size and phage production, optimizing production while minimizing resistance development. The resulting Plaque Size Calculation (PSC) model accurately correlated plaque size with inoculum concentration and phage yield, establishing specific plaque-forming unit (PFU) thresholds for optimal production. Using phages targeting pathogens such as Escherichia, Salmonella, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Chryseobacterium, Vibrio, Erwinia, and Aeromonas confirmed the model\u2019s accuracy across various conditions. The model\u2019s validation showed a strong inverse correlation between plaque size and minimum-lawn cell clearing PFUs (MCPs; R\u00b2 = 98.91%) and identified an optimal inoculum density that maximizes yield while minimizing the evolution of resistant mutants. These results highlight that the PSC model offers a standardized and scalable method for efficient phage production, which is crucial for personalized therapy and AMR management. Furthermore, its adaptability across different conditions and phages positions it as a potential standard tool for rapid and precise phage screening and propagation in both clinical and industrial settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14010002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]],"date-time":"2024-12-24T09:00:57Z","timestamp":1735030857000},"page":"2","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Standardization of the Agar Plate Method for Bacteriophage Production"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Su Jin","family":"Jo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1363-6625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young Min","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8772-8519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1351-7557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seon Young","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyemin","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2383-1937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sib Sankar","family":"Giri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8913-0087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sung Bin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Won Joon","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1156-5303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae Hong","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mae Hyun","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9931-7439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Da Sol","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun Jae","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang Wha","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0318-6889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin Woo","family":"Jun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquaculture, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju 54874, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5352-4914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang Guen","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Phage and Microbial Resistance, Department of Biological Sciences, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7921-2625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji Hyung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9821-387X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Se 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