{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T11:11:19Z","timestamp":1791976279750,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"USZ Innovationspool","award":["INOV00149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INOV00149"]}]},{"name":"USZ Innovationspool","award":["INOV00153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INOV00153"]}]},{"name":"Paul Hartmann AG","award":["INOV00149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INOV00149"]}]},{"name":"Paul Hartmann AG","award":["INOV00153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INOV00153"]}]},{"name":"B. Braun SE","award":["INOV00149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INOV00149"]}]},{"name":"B. Braun SE","award":["INOV00153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INOV00153"]}]},{"name":"ActiMaris AG","award":["INOV00149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INOV00149"]}]},{"name":"ActiMaris AG","award":["INOV00153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INOV00153"]}]},{"name":"M\u00f6lnlycke Health Care AB","award":["INOV00149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INOV00149"]}]},{"name":"M\u00f6lnlycke Health Care AB","award":["INOV00153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INOV00153"]}]},{"name":"Sch\u00fclke &amp; Mayr GmbH","award":["INOV00149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INOV00149"]}]},{"name":"Sch\u00fclke &amp; Mayr GmbH","award":["INOV00153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INOV00153"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100030679","name":"Mundipharma GmbH","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["INOV00149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INOV00149"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100030679","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100030679","name":"Mundipharma GmbH","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["INOV00153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INOV00153"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100030679","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Periprosthetic joint infections (PJI) are difficult to treat due to biofilm formation on implant surfaces and the surrounding tissue, often requiring removal or exchange of prostheses along with long-lasting antibiotic treatment. Antiseptic irrigation during revision surgery might decrease bacterial biofilm load and thereby improve treatment success. This in vitro study investigated and compared the effect of five advanced wound irrigation solutions to reduce bacterial burden in biofilm microenvironment. Methods: We treated in vitro biofilms grown on titanium alloy implant discs with clinical bacterial strains isolated from patients with PJIs, as well as abscess communities in a plasma-supplemented collagen matrix. The biofilms were exposed for 1 min to the following wound irrigation solutions: Preventia\u00ae, Prontosan\u00ae, Granudacyn\u00ae, ActiMaris\u00ae forte (\u2018Actimaris\u2019), and Octenilin\u00ae. We measured the bacterial reduction of these irrigation solutions compared to Ringer\u2013Lactate and to the strong bactericidal but not approved Betaseptic solution. Additionally, ex vivo free-floating bacteria isolated directly from clinical sonication fluids were treated in the same way, and regrowth or lack of regrowth was recorded as the outcome. Results: Irrigation solutions demonstrated variable efficacy. The mean CFU log10 reduction was as follows: Octenilin, 3.07, Preventia, 1.17, Actimaris, 1.11, Prontosan, 1.03, and Granudacyn, 0.61. For SACs, the reduction was: Actimaris, 8.27, Octenilin, 0.58, Prontosan, 0.56, Preventia, 0.35, and Granudacyn, 0.24. Conclusions: All solutions achieved complete bacterial eradication in all tested ex vivo sonication fluids, except Granudacyn, which was ineffective in 33% of the samples (2 out of 6). Advanced wound irrigation solutions have the potential to reduce bacterial burden in the biofilm microenvironment. However, their efficacy varies depending on bacterial species, growth state, and the composition of the irrigation solution. While Octenilin should be avoided for deep tissue irrigation due to its potential to cause tissue necrosis, the clinical benefit of wound irrigation solutions in infection prevention warrants further investigation in prospective clinical trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14010025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T05:02:02Z","timestamp":1735880522000},"page":"25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Antimicrobial Efficacy of Five Wound Irrigation Solutions in the Biofilm Microenvironment In Vitro and Ex Vivo"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Anja","family":"Honegger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiziano","family":"Schweizer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial and Oral Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7747-937X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yvonne","family":"Achermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Internal Medicine, Hospital Zollikerberg, 8125 Zollikerberg, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1154-2281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp","family":"Bosshard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Beck, M., Bolliger, L., Brand, C., and Christen, B. 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