{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T21:19:04Z","timestamp":1789507144314,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,5]],"date-time":"2025-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"JSPS KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24K12888"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24K12888"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Takeda Science Foundation of Japan","award":["24K12888"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24K12888"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Streptococcus sanguinis is a leading cause of infective endocarditis (IE), which causes diverse clinical symptoms and even death. Recurrence after treatment is a crucial problem in IE, possibly caused by the presence of \u201cpersister\u201d cells, a small bacterial population that can survive antimicrobials. In this study, the residual risk for penicillin G (PCG) and gentamicin (GM), used for treating IE, to induce Streptococcus sanguinis persisters, was investigated. Methods: The bactericidal effects of PCG and GM on S. sanguinis were evaluated. Furthermore, we confirmed whether the S. sanguinis that survived following combination treatment with PCG and GM were persisters. The bactericidal effect of the combination of PCG and GM against S. sanguinis was measured after the addition of glucose or arginine. Results: Following 48 h of treatment with PCG (1600 \u03bcg\/mL) and GM (64 \u03bcg\/mL), S. sanguinis survived, albeit with a low bacterial count, indicating the presence of persisters. The addition of glucose or arginine to PCG and GM increased the bactericidal effect on residual persister cells and reduced the number of persister cells. Moreover, the addition of glucose at concentrations of 10 mg\/mL or higher was substantially effective in achieving sterilization. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that persisters of S. sanguinis that survive antimicrobial treatment may make the treatment of IE challenging, and that combining antimicrobial treatment with glucose is effective for eliminating persisters of S. sanguinis. Taken together, these findings may facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies against IE caused by oral streptococcal infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14010036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T08:08:52Z","timestamp":1736150932000},"page":"36","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Glucose Supplementation Enhances the Bactericidal Effect of Penicillin and Gentamicin on Streptococcus\u00a0sanguinis Persisters"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Kazuya","family":"Takada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infections and Molecular Biology, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Fukuoka, Japan"},{"name":"Division of Oral Functional Development, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Fukuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshie","family":"Yoshioka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infections and Molecular Biology, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Fukuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazumasa","family":"Morikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oral Functional Development, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Fukuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6533-5683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wataru","family":"Ariyoshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infections and Molecular Biology, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Fukuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1152-3248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryota","family":"Yamasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infections and Molecular Biology, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Fukuoka, Japan"},{"name":"Collaborative Research Centre for Green Materials on Environmental Technology, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 1-1 Sensui-chou, Tobata-ku, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Fukuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32154-2","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990\u20132016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"390","author":"Mokdad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Del Giudice, C., Vaia, E., Liccardo, D., Marzano, F., Valletta, A., Spagnuolo, G., Ferrara, N., Rengo, C., Cannavo, A., and Rengo, G. 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