{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:31:56Z","timestamp":1787027516586,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research, Development and Innovation Funding (UEFISCDI)","award":["96\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["96\/2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: This study aims to characterize antibiotic resistance (AR) and virulence markers in Salmonella spp. isolated from Romanian outpatients\u2019 stool samples. Methods: In 2019, community-acquired Salmonella strains were collected and identified using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, antibiotic susceptibility profiles have been determined with the MicroScan system, and soluble virulence factors were evaluated using specific culture media, while biofilm formation was quantified in 96-well plates. Molecular analysis targeted resistance genes for \u03b2-lactams (e.g., blaTEM and blaSHV); tetracyclines (e.g., tet(A)); sulphonamides; and quinolones, as well as virulence genes (e.g., invA, spvC, pldA, and held). Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed on 19 selected isolates. A silver nanoparticles (AgNPsol) alternative to conventional antibiotics was tested for effectiveness against multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates. Results: From the total of 309 Salmonella isolates (65.05% from children under 4 years of age) belonging to four subtypes and four serovars, 27.86% showed resistance to at least one antibiotic, most frequently to tetracycline, ampicillin, and piperacillin. The strains frequently expressed haemolysin (67%), aesculinase (65%), and gelatinase (62%). Resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was encoded by the sul1 gene in 44.83% of the strains and to tetracyclines by the tet(A) gene (59.52%). The ESBL genes blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M were detected by PCR in 16.18%, 2.91%, and 0.65% of the strains, respectively. Additionally, 98.63% of the strains carried the invA marker, with notable positive associations between blaSHV, qnrB, and sul1 with spvC. Conclusions: The present findings revealed significant patterns in Salmonella isolates, subtypes, serovars, AR, and virulence, emphasising the need for continuous surveillance of Salmonella infections. Additionally, the potential of AgNPs as an alternative treatment option was demonstrated, particularly for paediatric S. enterica infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14010046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T05:06:34Z","timestamp":1736226394000},"page":"46","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Emerging Resistance and Virulence Patterns in Salmonella enterica: Insights into Silver Nanoparticles as an Antimicrobial Strategy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Irina","family":"Gheorghe-Barbu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), 050095 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilda","family":"Czobor Barbu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), 050095 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rare\u0219-Ionu\u021b","family":"Dragomir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), 050095 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7342-5398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioana Cristina","family":"Marina\u0219","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), 050095 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6273-8540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miruna Silvia","family":"Stan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), 050095 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radu","family":"Pericleanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), 050095 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreea \u0218tefania","family":"Dumbrav\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), 050095 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liviu-Iulian","family":"Rotaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"National Institute for Infectious Diseases Prof. Dr. Matei Bals, 021105 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6707-3720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Paraschiv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Infectious Diseases Prof. Dr. Matei Bals, 021105 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9956-951X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leontina Mirela","family":"B\u0103nic\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Infectious Diseases Prof. Dr. Matei Bals, 021105 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ionu\u021b","family":"Pecete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Synevo Central Lab Romania, 021408 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0821-6346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan","family":"O\u021belea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Infectious Diseases Prof. Dr. Matei Bals, 021105 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Violeta Corina","family":"Cristea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0794-9329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mircea Ioan","family":"Popa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Cantacuzino National Medical Military Institute for Research and Development, 050096 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marilena Monica","family":"\u021a\u00e2n\u021bu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Science and Technology Politechnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Medical Assistance and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Sciences, Physical Education and Informatics, University of Pite\u0219ti, 110040 Pitesti, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3218-4644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marius","family":"Surleac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), 050095 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"National Institute for Infectious Diseases Prof. Dr. Matei Bals, 021105 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.3382\/japr\/pfw036","article-title":"Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella Isolates in Moroccan Laying Hens Farms","volume":"25","author":"Ziyate","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Poult. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2019.106908","article-title":"Prevalence of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella enterica in Food Products in the Middle East and North Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"109","author":"Chaabna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority, and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2020). The European Union Summary Report on Antimicrobial Resistance in Zoonotic and Indicator Bacteria from Humans, Animals and Food in 2017\/2018. EFSA J., 18, e06007.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2020.6007"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh070","article-title":"Antibiotic Resistance Genes, Integrons and Multiple Antibiotic Resistance in Thirty-Five Serotypes of Salmonella enterica Isolated from Humans and Animals in the UK","volume":"53","author":"Randall","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2011.05.013","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistant Genes Associated with Salmonella from Retail Meats and Street Foods","volume":"44","author":"Thong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"000195","article-title":"Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Salmonella: Insights by Whole-Genome Sequencing","volume":"4","author":"Cuypers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Genom."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.2.836-839.2005","article-title":"Dissemination of Sulfonamide Resistance Genes (Sul1, Sul2, and Sul3) in Portuguese Salmonella enterica Strains and Relation with Integrons","volume":"49","author":"Antunes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.3.903-908.2004","article-title":"Tetracycline and Streptomycin Resistance Genes, Transposons, and Plasmids in Salmonella enterica Isolates from Animals in Italy","volume":"48","author":"Pezzella","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sultan, I., Rahman, S., Jan, A.T., Siddiqui, M.T., Mondal, A.H., and Haq, Q.M.R. (2018). Antibiotics, Resistome and Resistance Mechanisms: A Bacterial Perspective. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02066"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12655","article-title":"Carbapenemase Genes and Genetic Platforms in Gram-Negative Bacilli: Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter Species","volume":"20","author":"Diene","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-019-0533-3","article-title":"Antibiotics versus Biofilm: An Emerging Battleground in Microbial Communities","volume":"8","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0958-1669(03)00036-3","article-title":"Gene Transfer Occurs with Enhanced Efficiency in Biofilms and Induces Enhanced Stabilisation of the Biofilm Structure","volume":"14","author":"Molin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2011.01.038","article-title":"Salmonella Biofilms: An Overview on Occurrence, Structure, Regulation and Eradication","volume":"45","author":"Steenackers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00059-12","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence: A Successful or Deleterious Association in the Bacterial World?","volume":"26","author":"Beceiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00821-19","article-title":"Coexistence of Antibiotic Resistance Genes and Virulence Factors Deciphered by Large-Scale Complete Genome Analysis","volume":"5","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00135-19","article-title":"Antibiotic Resistance Gene Diversity and Virulence Gene Diversity Are Correlated in Human Gut and Environmental Microbiomes","volume":"4","author":"Escudeiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schroeder, M., Brooks, B.D., and Brooks, A.E. (2017). The Complex Relationship between Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance. Genes, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes8010039"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.2007\/011114-0","article-title":"The YejABEF Operon of Salmonella Confers Resistance to Antimicrobial Peptides and Contributes to Its Virulence","volume":"154","author":"Eswarappa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297ra114","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aab1621","article-title":"Fitness Cost of Antibiotic Susceptibility during Bacterial Infection","volume":"7","author":"Roux","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, K., Dupont, A., Torow, N., Gohde, F., Leschner, S., Lienenklaus, S., Weiss, S., Brinkmann, M.M., K\u00fchnel, M., and Hensel, M. (2014). Age-Dependent Enterocyte Invasion and Microcolony Formation by Salmonella. PLoS Pathog., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004385"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026880700996X","article-title":"Novel insight in the association between salmonellosis or campylobacteriosis and chronic illness, and the role of host genetics in susceptibility to these diseases","volume":"136","author":"Doorduyn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"CDC (2024, December 10). Salmonella Infection (Salmonellosis), Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/salmonella\/spread\/."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsim.2005.02.002","article-title":"Distribution of \u201cClassic\u201d Virulence Factors among Salmonella spp.","volume":"44","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1080\/21553769.2015.1051243","article-title":"Salmonella: A review on pathogenesis, epidemiology and antibiotic resistance","volume":"8","author":"Eng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2015.121-124","article-title":"Virulence Genes Detection of Salmonella Serovars Isolated from Pork and Slaughterhouse Environment in Ahmedabad, Gujarat","volume":"8","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.28609-0","article-title":"Phospholipase A in Gram-Negative Bacteria and Its Role in Pathogenesis","volume":"152","author":"Istivan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"579","article-title":"Virulence Markers of Escherichia Coli Strains Isolated from Hospital and Poultry Wastewater","volume":"3","author":"Marinescu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biointerface Res. Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2011.08.001","article-title":"Role of Antigens and Virulence Factors of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi in Its Pathogenesis","volume":"167","author":"Kaur","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA and ECDC (European Food Safety Authority and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control) (2021). The European Union One Health 2019 Zoonoses Report. EFSA J., 19, 6406.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2021.6406"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA and ECDC (European Food Safety Authority and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control) (2023). The European Union One Health 2022 Zoonoses Report. EFSA J., 21, e8442.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2023.8442"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Trchounian, A., Gabrielyan, L., and Mnatsakanyan, N. (2018). Nanoparticles of Various Transition Metals and Their Applications as Antimicrobial Agents. Metal Nanoparticles: Properties, Synthesis and Applications, Nova Science Publishers."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S.H., and Jun, B.-H. (2019). Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Application for Nanomedicine. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20040865"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gabrielyan, L., and Trchounian, A. (2019). Antibacterial Activities of Transient Metals Nanoparticles and Membranous Mechanisms of Action. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 35.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-019-2742-6"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8856","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules20058856","article-title":"Silver Nanoparticles as Potential Antibacterial Agents","volume":"20","author":"Franci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2008.09.002","article-title":"Silver Nanoparticles as a New Generation of Antimicrobials","volume":"27","author":"Rai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"2767","article-title":"Antimicrobial Applications of Nanotechnology: Methods and Literature","volume":"7","author":"Seil","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2017.1332001","article-title":"Inorganic and Metal Nanoparticles and Their Antimicrobial Activity in Food Packaging Applications","volume":"44","author":"Katouzian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanyasi, S., Majhi, R.K., Kumar, S., Mishra, M., Ghosh, A., Suar, M., Satyam, P.V., Mohapatra, H., Goswami, C., and Goswami, L. (2016). Polysaccharide-Capped Silver Nanoparticles Inhibit Biofilm Formation and Eliminate Multi-Drug-Resistant Bacteria by Disrupting Bacterial Cytoskeleton with Reduced Cytotoxicity towards Mammalian Cells. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24929"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","article-title":"Multidrug-Resistant, Extensively Drug-Resistant and Pandrug-Resistant Bacteria: An International Expert Proposal for Interim Standard Definitions for Acquired Resistance","volume":"18","author":"Magiorakos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ME22038","DOI":"10.1264\/jsme2.ME22038","article-title":"An Integrative and Conjugative Element (ICE) Found in Shewanella halifaxensis Isolated from Marine Fish Intestine May Connect Genetic Materials between Human and Marine Environments","volume":"37","author":"Sugimoto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbes Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8114","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.23.8114-8122.2004","article-title":"Transferable Antibiotic Resistance Elements in Haemophilus influenzae Share a Common Evolutionary Origin with a Diverse Family of Syntenic Genomic Islands","volume":"186","author":"Turner","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sim, E.M., Wang, Q., Howar, P., Kim, R., Lim, L., Hope, K., and Sintchenko, V. (2023). Persistent Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi Sub-Populations within Host Interrogated by Whole Genome Sequencing and Metagenomics. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0289070"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dlae166","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlae166","article-title":"Characterization of blaNDM in Two Escherichia Coli ST1193 Clinical Isolates in the Gulf Region","volume":"6","author":"Tsui","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAC Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7344","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00779-06","article-title":"Involvement of Nitric Oxide in Biofilm Dispersal of Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"188","author":"Barraud","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bamal, D., Singh, A., Chaudhary, G., Kumar, M., Singh, M., Rani, N., Mundlia, P., and Sehrawat, A.R. (2021). Silver Nanoparticles Biosynthesis, Characterization, Antimicrobial Activities, Applications, Cytotoxicity and Safety Issues: An Updated Review. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11082086"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaiser, K.G., Delattre, V., Frost, V.J., Buck, G.W., Phu, J.V., Fernandez, T.G., and Pavel, I.E. (2023). Nanosilver: An Old Antibacterial Agent with Great Promise in the Fight against Antibiotic Resistance. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12081264"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s12013-011-9227-z","article-title":"Comparison of Macromolecular Oxidation by Reactive Oxygen Species in Three Bacterial Genera Exposed to Different Antibiotics","volume":"61","author":"Becerra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e26047","article-title":"Insights into the Physico-Chemical and Biological Characterization of Sodium Lignosulfonate-Silver Nanosystems Designed for Wound Management","volume":"10","author":"Marinas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2016.08.007","article-title":"Oxidative Stress Generation of Silver Nanoparticles in Three Bacterial Genera and Its Relationship with the Antimicrobial Activity","volume":"36","author":"Quinteros","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol. In Vitro"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"More, P.R., Pandit, S., Filippis, A.D.e., Franci, G., Mijakovic, I., and Galdiero, M. (2023). Silver Nanoparticles: Bactericidal and Mechanistic Approach against Drug Resistant Pathogens. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11020369"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Afzal, S., Abdul Manap, A.S., Attiq, A., Albokhadaim, I., Kandeel, M., and Alhojaily, S.M. (2023). From Imbalance to Impairment: The Central Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Oxidative Stress-Induced Disorders and Therapeutic Exploration. Front. Pharmacol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1269581"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2020.02.032","article-title":"Oxidative Stress Response in Reference and Clinical Staphylococcus aureus Strains under Linezolid Exposure","volume":"22","author":"Aiassa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1021\/cb700232k","article-title":"Bactericidal Antibiotics and Oxidative Stress: A Radical Proposal","volume":"2","author":"Hassett","year":"2007","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, E., Chin, C.S.H., Lim, Z.F.S., and Ng, S.K. (2021). HEK293 Cell Line as a Platform to Produce Recombinant Proteins and Viral Vectors. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.796991"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1696","article-title":"Rapid Translocation of Nanoparticles from the Lung Airspaces to the Body","volume":"28","author":"Choi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.17352\/atte.000018","article-title":"Silver Nanoparticles Forensic Uses and Toxicity on Vital Organs and Different Body Systems","volume":"8","author":"ALAtawi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Toxicol. Toxic Eff."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noga, M., Milan, J., Frydrych, A., and Jurowski, K. (2023). Toxicological Aspects, Safety Assessment, and Green Toxicology of Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs)\u2014Critical Review: State of the Art. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065133"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S289008","article-title":"Nanotoxic Effects of Silver Nanoparticles on Normal HEK-293 Cells in Comparison to Cancerous Hela Cell Line","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2023.11.008","article-title":"Silver Nanoparticles Induces Apoptosis of Cancer Stem Cells in Head and Neck Cancer","volume":"12","author":"Kaur","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxicol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2009.10.002","article-title":"Supplement 2003\u20132007 (No. 47) to the White-Kauffmann-Le Minor Scheme","volume":"161","author":"Guibourdenche","year":"2010","journal-title":"Res. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dki190","article-title":"\u03b2-Lactamases among Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase (ESBL)-Resistant Salmonella from Poultry, Poultry Products and Human Patients in The Netherlands","volume":"56","author":"Hasman","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2017.18.3.273","article-title":"Phenotypic and Genotypic Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Genes of Salmonella enterica Isolated from Pet Dogs and Cats","volume":"18","author":"Srisanga","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70599-0","article-title":"The Worldwide Emergence of Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance","volume":"6","author":"Robicsek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsim.2004.11.010","article-title":"Iron and Infection: The Heart of the Matter","volume":"43","author":"Bullen","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.27024","article-title":"Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacterial Toxins in Sepsis","volume":"5","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mogrovejo, D.C., Perini, L., Gostin\u010dar, C., Sep\u010di\u0107, K., Turk, M., Ambro\u017ei\u010d-Avgu\u0161tin, J., Brill, F.H.H., and Gunde-Cimerman, N. (2020). Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance and Hemolytic Phenotypes in Culturable Arctic Bacteria. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00570"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beshiru, A., Igbinosa, I.H., and Igbinosa, E.O. (2018). Biofilm Formation and Potential Virulence Factors of Salmonella Strains Isolated from Ready-to-Eat Shrimps. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204345"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2006.00112.x","article-title":"Relationship between Biofilm Formation, the Enterococcal Surface Protein (Esp) and Gelatinase in Clinical Isolates of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium","volume":"256","author":"Creti","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.3.1606-1612.2005","article-title":"Gelatinase Is Important for Translocation of Enterococcus faecalis across Polarized Human Enterocyte-Like T84 Cells","volume":"73","author":"Zeng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.3923\/ajsr.2017.194.202","article-title":"InvA Gene Sequencing of Salmonella Typhimurium Isolated from Egyptian Poultry","volume":"10","author":"Shady","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian J. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsim.2004.10.007","article-title":"Towards More Virulent and Antibiotic-Resistant Salmonella?","volume":"43","author":"Fluit","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268814001708","article-title":"Occurrence, Genetic Characterization and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella Isolated from Chicken Meat and Giblets","volume":"143","author":"Sallam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew150","article-title":"Prevalence, Molecular Characterization and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella Serovars Isolated from Northwestern Spanish Broiler Flocks (2011\u20132015)","volume":"95","author":"Lamas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx488","article-title":"Plasmids Carrying Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"73","author":"Rozwandowicz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"(2024, November 02). Salmonella Hadar. Available online: https:\/\/confluence.cornell.edu\/display\/foodsafety\/salmonella+hadar."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dhanani, A.S., Block, G., Dewar, K., Forgetta, V., Topp, E., Beiko, R.G., and Diarra, S.M. (2015). Genomic Comparison of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella enterica Serovars Typhimurium, Enteritidis, Heidelberg, Hadar and Kentucky Isolates from Broiler Chickens. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0128773"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e86","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268824000682","article-title":"Salmonella Hadar Linked to Two Distinct Transmission Vehicles Highlights Challenges to Enteric Disease Outbreak Investigations","volume":"152","author":"Brandenburg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2014.09.016","article-title":"Phenotypic and Molecular Characterization of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serovar Hadar in Greece, from 2007 to 2010","volume":"21","author":"Papadopoulos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026881300054X","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns and Genotypes of Salmonella enterica Serovar Hadar Strains Associated with Human Infections in Switzerland, 2005\u20132010","volume":"142","author":"Cernela","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3560","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02404-14","article-title":"Quinolone Resistance Mechanisms in Salmonella enterica Serovars Hadar, Kentucky, Virchow, Schwarzengrund, and 4, 5, 12: I:\u2212, isolated from Humans in Switzerland, and Identification of a Novel QnrD Variant, QnrD2, in S. Hadar","volume":"58","author":"Abgottspon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.04.007","article-title":"Multidrug Resistant Clones of Salmonella Infantis of Broiler Origin in Europe","volume":"157","author":"Davies","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cadel-Six, S., Cherchame, E., Douarre, P.-E., Tang, Y., Felten, A., Barbet, P., Litrup, E., Banerji, S., Simon, S., and Pasquali, F. (2021). The Spatiotemporal Dynamics and Microevolution Events That Favored the Success of the Highly Clonal Multidrug-Resistant Monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium Circulating in Europe. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.651124"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franco, A., Leekitcharoenphon, P., Feltrin, F., Alba, P., Cordaro, G., Iurescia, M., Tolii, R., D\u2019Iancu, M., Staffolani, M., and Di Giannatale, E. (2016). Emergence of a Clonal Lineage of Multidrug-Resistant ESBL-Producing Salmonella Infantis Transmitted from Broilers and Broiler Meat to Humans in Italy between 2011 and 2014. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144802"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hindermann, D., Gopinath, G., Chase, H., Negrete, F., Althaus, D., Zurfluh, K., Tall, B.D., Stephan, R., and N\u00fcesch-Inderbinen, M. (2017). Salmonella enterica Serovar Infantis from Food and Human Infections, Switzerland, 2010\u20132015: Poultry-Related Multidrug Resistant Clones and an Emerging ESBL Producing Clonal Lineage. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01322"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2011.1038","article-title":"Clonal Dissemination of Salmonella enterica Serovar Infantis in Germany","volume":"9","author":"Hauser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02481-22","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02481-22","article-title":"Clonal Spread of PESI-Positive Multidrug-Resistant ST32 Salmonella enterica Serovar Infantis Isolates among Broilers and Humans in Slovenia","volume":"10","author":"Ocepek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-14-460","article-title":"Salmonella in Raw Chicken Meat from the Romanian Seaside: Frequency of Isolation and Antibiotic Resistance","volume":"78","author":"Sala","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.3715","article-title":"First Study of Salmonella in Meat in Romania","volume":"8","author":"Mihaiu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Ctries."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Usein, C.-R., Oprea, M., Ciontea, A.S., Dinu, S., Cristea, D., Zota, L.C., and Kotila, S. (2021). A Snapshot of the Genetic Diversity of Salmonella Enteritidis Population Involved in Human Infections in Romania Taken in the European Epidemiological Context. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10111490"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petrin, S., Wijnands, L., Beninc\u00e0, E., Mughini-Gras, L., Delfgou-van Asch, E.H.M., Villa, L., Orsini, M., Losasso, C., Olsen, J.E., and Barco, L. (2023). Assessing Phenotypic Virulence of Salmonella enterica across Serovars and Sources. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1184387"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teklemariam, A.D., Al-Hindi, R.R., Albiheyri, R.S., Alharbi, M.G., Alghamdi, M.A., Filimban, A.A.R., Al Mutiri, A.S., Al-Alyani, A.M., Alseghayer, M.S., and Almaneea, A.M. (2023). Human Salmonellosis: A Continuous Global Threat in the Farm-to-Fork Food Safety Continuum. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12091756"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3004.231031","article-title":"A One Health Perspective on Salmonella enterica Serovar Infantis, an Emerging Human Multidrug-Resistant Pathogen","volume":"30","author":"Mattock","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-017-1235-9","article-title":"Silver Nanoparticles Against Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium: Role of Inner Membrane Dysfunction","volume":"74","author":"Seong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alfei, S., Schito, G.C., Schito, A.M., and Zuccari, G. (2024). Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)-Mediated Antibacterial Oxidative Therapies: Available Methods to Generate ROS and a Novel Option Proposal. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202405.1628.v1"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"da Cruz Nizer, W.S., Adams, M.E., Allison, K.N., Montgomery, M.C., Mosher, H., Cassol, E., and Overhage, J. (2024). Oxidative Stress Responses in Biofilms. Biofilm, 7.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2024.100203"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seixas, A.F., Quendera, A.P., Sousa, J.P., Silva, A.F.Q., Arraiano, C.M., and Andrade, J.M. (2022). Bacterial Response to Oxidative Stress and RNA Oxidation. Front. Genet., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2021.821535"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., Liu, L., Wang, W., and Gao, H. (2022). Nitric Oxide, Nitric Oxide Formers and Their Physiological Impacts in Bacteria. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231810778"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.142988","article-title":"Antioxidant-Related Enzymes and Peptides as Biomarkers of Metallic Nanoparticles (Eco)Toxicity in the Aquatic Environment","volume":"364","author":"Do","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u0119dziora, A., Speruda, M., Krzy\u017cewska, E., Rybka, J., \u0141ukowiak, A., and Bugla-P\u0142osko\u0144ska, G. (2018). Similarities and Differences between Silver Ions and Silver in Nanoforms as Antibacterial Agents. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19020444"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-022-00868-1","article-title":"Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activity of Silver Nanoparticles against Salmonella Enteritidis","volume":"54","author":"Qadir","year":"2023","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"13","article-title":"Efficacy of Silver Nanoparticles as Antimicrobial Agent against Salmonella Infection and Accompanied Biochemical","volume":"54","author":"Badawy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunol. Histopathol. Chang. Rats"},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"165","article-title":"Extracellular Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Fungi and Their Antibacterial Activity","volume":"10","author":"Fratila","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nano Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"2421","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Nanohybrids Comprising Silver Nanoparticles and Silicate Clay for Controlling Salmonella Infection","volume":"7","author":"Chiao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yakoup, A.Y., Kamel, A.G., Elbermawy, Y., Abdelsattar, A.S., and El-Shibiny, A. (2024). Characterization, Antibacterial, and Cytotoxic Activities of Silver Nanoparticles Using the Whole Biofilm Layer as a Macromolecule in Biosynthesis. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-50548-9"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2022.103798","article-title":"Evaluating the Antimicrobial Activity and Cytotoxicity of Polydopamine Capped Silver and Silver\/Polydopamine Core-Shell Nanocomposites","volume":"15","author":"Shumbula","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.036","article-title":"Synthesis, Characterization, and Cytotoxicity of Starch-Encapsulated Biogenic Silver Nanoparticle and Its Improved Anti-Bacterial Activity","volume":"182","author":"Saravanakumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.291","article-title":"Biocompatible Fungal Chitosan Encapsulated Phytogenic Silver Nanoparticles Enhanced Antidiabetic, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity","volume":"153","author":"Sathiyaseelan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdelmoneim, D., Porter, G., Duncan, W., Lim, K., Easingwood, R., Woodfield, T., and Coates, D. (2023). Three-Dimensional Evaluation of the Cytotoxicity and Antibacterial Properties of Alpha Lipoic Acid-Capped Silver Nanoparticle Constructs for Oral Applications. Nanomaterials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13040705"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, D., Chen, L., and Qiu, X. (2024). Rapid Synthesis of Ferulic Acid-Derived Lignin Coated Silver Nanoparticles with Low Cytotoxicity and High Antibacterial Activity. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 277.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.134471"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20118","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA02907A","article-title":"Coated Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Cytotoxicity, and Optical Properties","volume":"9","author":"Fahmy","year":"2019","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2012.02.002","article-title":"Modifications of Carbon for Polymer Composites and Nanocomposites","volume":"37","author":"Roy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferdous, Z., and Nemmar, A. (2020). Health Impact of Silver Nanoparticles: A Review of the Biodistribution and Toxicity Following Various Routes of Exposure. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21072375"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hashim, M., Mujahid, H., Hassan, S., Bukhari, S., Anjum, I., Hano, C., Abbasi, B.H., and Anjum, S. (2022). Implication of Nanoparticles to Combat Chronic Liver and Kidney Diseases: Progress and Perspectives. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12101337"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corbu, V.M., Dumbrav\u0103, A.\u015e., Marinescu, L., Motelica, L., Chircov, C., Surdu, A.V., Gheorghe-Barbu, I., Pecete, I., Balotescu, I., and Popa, M. (2023). Alternative Mitigating Solutions Based on Inorganic Nanoparticles for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage. Front. Mater., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmats.2023.1272869"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e327","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.327","article-title":"Nanoparticles-Induced Potential Toxicity on Human Health: Applications, Toxicity Mechanisms, and Evaluation Models","volume":"4","author":"Xuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2674","DOI":"10.1039\/D2NA00534D","article-title":"The Toxicity of Nanoparticles and Their Interaction with Cells: An in Vitro Metabolomic Perspective","volume":"5","author":"Awashra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nanoscale Adv."},{"key":"ref_117","unstructured":"CLSI (2020). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. [30th ed.]. CLSI supplement M100."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tru\u015fc\u0103, B.S., Gheorghe-Barbu, I., Manea, M., Ianculescu, E., Barbu, I.C., M\u0103ru\u021bescu, L.G., Di\u021bu, L.-M., Chifiriuc, M.-C., and Laz\u0103r, V. (2023). Snapshot of Phenotypic and Molecular Virulence and Resistance Profiles in Multidrug-Resistant Strains Isolated in a Tertiary Hospital in Romania. Pathogens, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12040609"},{"key":"ref_119","unstructured":"Lazar, V., Herlea, V., Cernat, R., Bulai, D., Balotescu, C.M., and Moraru, A. (2004). Microbiologie General-Manual De Lucr\u0103ri Practice, Editura Universitatii din Bucuresti."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0463.2007.apm_630.x","article-title":"Quantification of Biofilm in Microtiter Plates: Overview of Testing Conditions and Practical Recommendations for Assessment of Biofilm Production by Staphylococci","volume":"115","author":"Hola","year":"2007","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3502","DOI":"10.37358\/RC.19.10.7584","article-title":"Resistance and Virulence Features in Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Community Acquired and Nosocomial Isolates in Romania","volume":"70","author":"Gheorghe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Chim."},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"48","article-title":"PCR Detection of Plasmid Mediated TEM, SHV and AmpC? \u2014Lactamases in Community and Nosocomialurinary Isolates of Escherichia coli","volume":"3","author":"Eftekhar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Iran. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_123","first-page":"650","article-title":"Phenotypic and Molecular Characterization of SHV, TEM, CTX-M and Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase Produced by Escherichia coli, Acinobacter baumannii and Klebsiella Isolates in a Turkish Hospital","volume":"4","author":"Bali","year":"2010","journal-title":"Afr. J. Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2010.12.002","article-title":"Multiplex PCR for Detection of Acquired Carbapenemase Genes","volume":"70","author":"Poirel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.68.4.1786-1793.2002","article-title":"Development, Validation, and Application of PCR Primers for Detection of Tetracycline Efflux Genes of Gram-Negative Bacteria","volume":"68","author":"Aminov","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl538","article-title":"Characterization of Sulphonamide Resistance Genes and Class 1 Integron Gene Cassettes in Enterobacteriaceae, Central African Republic (CAR)","volume":"59","author":"Frank","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkm204","article-title":"Multiplex PCR for Detection of Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance Qnr Genes in ESBL-Producing Enterobacterial Isolates","volume":"60","author":"Cattoir","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2619","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.10.2619-2622.1996","article-title":"Rapid Identification of Salmonella Serovars in Feces by Specific Detection of Virulence Genes, InvA and SpvC, by an Enrichment Broth Culture-Multiplex PCR Combination Assay","volume":"34","author":"Chiu","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0890-8508(92)90002-F","article-title":"Amplification of an InvA Gene Sequence of Salmonella Typhimurium by Polymerase Chain Reaction as a Specific Method of Detection of Salmonella","volume":"6","author":"Rahn","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Probes"},{"key":"ref_130","unstructured":"Seemann, T. (2024, November 01). Shovill, Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/tseemann\/shovill."},{"key":"ref_131","first-page":"000685","article-title":"Bakta: Rapid and Standardized Annotation of Bacterial Genomes via Alignment-Free Sequence Identification","volume":"7","author":"Schwengers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb. Genom."},{"key":"ref_132","unstructured":"Seemann, T. (2024, November 01). ABRicate. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/tseemann\/abricate."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D694","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv1239","article-title":"VFDB 2016: Hierarchical and Refined Dataset for Big Data Analysis\u201410 Years On","volume":"44","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e33372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e33372","article-title":"Decoding the Resistome, Virulome and Mobilome of Clinical versus Aquatic Acinetobacter Baumannii in Southern Romania","volume":"10","author":"Surleac","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_135","unstructured":"Seemann, T. (2024, November 01). MLST. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/tseemann\/mlst."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoshida, C.E., Kruczkiewicz, P., Laing, C.R., Lingohr, E.J., Gannon, V.P., Nash, J.H., and Taboada, E.N. (2016). The Salmonella In Silico Typing Resource (SISTR): An Open Web-Accessible Tool for Rapidly Typing and Subtyping Draft Salmonella Genome Assemblies. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147101"},{"key":"ref_137","unstructured":"Pathogen Watch (2024, November 01). PathogenWatch. Available online: https:\/\/pathogen.watch\/."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3691","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv421","article-title":"Roary: Rapid Large-Scale Prokaryote Pan Genome Analysis","volume":"31","author":"Page","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btx610","article-title":"Phandango: An Interactive Viewer for Bacterial Population Genomics","volume":"34","author":"Hadfield","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corbu, V.M., Georgescu, A.M., Marinas, I.C., Pericleanu, R., Mogos, D.V., Dumbrav\u0103, A.\u0218., Marinescu, L., Pecete, I., Vassu-Dimov, T., and Czobor Barbu, I. (2024). Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Resistance and Virulence Markers in Candida Spp. Isolated from Community-Acquired Infections in Bucharest, and the Impact of AgNPs on the Highly Resistant Isolates. J. Fungi, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof10080563"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2019.04.003","article-title":"Myocardial Protection by Propolis during Prolonged Hypothermic Preservation","volume":"88","author":"Braik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cryobiology"}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/14\/1\/46\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:24:20Z","timestamp":1759919060000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/14\/1\/46"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]},"references-count":141,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics14010046"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics14010046","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]}}}