{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T01:04:10Z","timestamp":1785805450410,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Microbiology Postgraduate Program of Universidade Estadual de Londrina","award":["409335\/2021-5 Chamada CNPq\/MCTI\/FNDCT N\u00ba 18\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["409335\/2021-5 Chamada CNPq\/MCTI\/FNDCT N\u00ba 18\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Microbiology Postgraduate Program of Universidade Estadual de Londrina","award":["305972\/2022-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["305972\/2022-7"]}]},{"name":"Microbiology Postgraduate Program of Universidade Estadual de Londrina","award":["CAPES 88881.846197\/2023-01 PDSE Edital 44\/2022 sele\u00e7\u00e3o 2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAPES 88881.846197\/2023-01 PDSE Edital 44\/2022 sele\u00e7\u00e3o 2023"]}]},{"name":"Microbiology Postgraduate Program of Universidade Estadual de Londrina","award":["CAPES 88887.702143\/2022-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAPES 88887.702143\/2022-00"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development CNPq","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["409335\/2021-5 Chamada CNPq\/MCTI\/FNDCT N\u00ba 18\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["409335\/2021-5 Chamada CNPq\/MCTI\/FNDCT N\u00ba 18\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development CNPq","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["305972\/2022-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["305972\/2022-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development CNPq","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CAPES 88881.846197\/2023-01 PDSE Edital 44\/2022 sele\u00e7\u00e3o 2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAPES 88881.846197\/2023-01 PDSE Edital 44\/2022 sele\u00e7\u00e3o 2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development CNPq","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CAPES 88887.702143\/2022-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAPES 88887.702143\/2022-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","award":["409335\/2021-5 Chamada CNPq\/MCTI\/FNDCT N\u00ba 18\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["409335\/2021-5 Chamada CNPq\/MCTI\/FNDCT N\u00ba 18\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","award":["305972\/2022-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["305972\/2022-7"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","award":["CAPES 88881.846197\/2023-01 PDSE Edital 44\/2022 sele\u00e7\u00e3o 2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAPES 88881.846197\/2023-01 PDSE Edital 44\/2022 sele\u00e7\u00e3o 2023"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","award":["CAPES 88887.702143\/2022-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAPES 88887.702143\/2022-00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The extensive use of antimicrobials in broiler production is changing the bird microbiota, fostering drug-resistant bacteria, and complicating therapeutic interventions, making the problem of multidrug resistance global. The monitoring of antimicrobial virulence and resistance genes are tools that have come to assist the breeding of these animals, directing possible treatments as already used in human medicine and collecting data to demonstrate possible dissemination of multidrug-resistant strains that may cause damage to industry and public health. This work aimed to monitor broiler farms in southern Brazil, isolating samples of E. coli and classifying them according to the profile of resistance to antimicrobials of interest to human and animal health. We also monitored the profile of virulence genes and conducted an epidemiological survey of possible risk factors that contribute to this selection of multidrug-resistant isolates. Monitoring was carried out on farms in the three southern states of the country, collecting samples of poultry litter, cloacal swabs, and beetles of the species Alphitobius diaperinus, isolating E. coli from each of these samples. These were evaluated by testing their susceptibility to antimicrobials of animal and human interest; detecting whether the samples were extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase enzyme (ESBL) producers; and when positive, selected for genotypic tests to identify resistant genes (CTX-M, TEM, and SHV) and virulence. Among the antimicrobials tested, enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin demonstrated some of the highest frequencies of resistance in the isolated strains, with significant statistical results. The use of these antimicrobials increased the likelihood of resistance by over three times and was associated with a 1.5-fold higher probability of multidrug resistance. Of all isolates, 95% were multidrug-resistant, raising concerns for production and public health. Among 231 ESBL-positive samples, the CTX-M1 group predominated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14010069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T08:03:05Z","timestamp":1736496185000},"page":"69","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Monitoring the Spread of Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Throughout the Broiler Production Cycle"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3841-763X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor Dellevedove","family":"Cruz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danilo Henrique Raba\u00e7al","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamile Kellen","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6788-7182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u00edsa Fabiana","family":"Menck-Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno Henrique Dias","family":"de Oliva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Angelita Sampaio","family":"Baptista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Avian Medicine Laboratory, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Oba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zootechnics, Poultry, Production and Quality of Broiler Meat, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Matt\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vetanco Brazil, Chapec\u00f3, Santa Catarina 89813-824, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K\u00e1cio Em\u00edlio Borges","family":"Baierle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Avian Medicine Laboratory, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9rgio Paulo Dejato","family":"da Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0429-8276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelly Cristina Tagliari","family":"de Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Avian Health Laboratory, Veterinary Research Institute Desid\u00e9rio Finamor, Agricultural Diagnosis and Research Department, Secretariat of Agriculture Livestock Rural and Development, Eldorado do Sul 90990-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7815-5166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benito Guimar\u00e3es","family":"de Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Avian Health Laboratory, Veterinary Research Institute Desid\u00e9rio Finamor, Agricultural Diagnosis and Research Department, Secretariat of Agriculture Livestock Rural and Development, Eldorado do Sul 90990-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerson","family":"Nakazato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5067-7501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcio","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Biom\u00e9decine V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7170-2155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renata Katsuko Takayama","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Brazilian Association of Animal Protein (2024, November 05). 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