{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T13:24:43Z","timestamp":1778851483179,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation (NRF) of Korea","award":["2022R1A2B5B01001998"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1A2B5B01001998"]}]},{"name":"Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation (NRF) of Korea","award":["RS-2023-00241461"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00241461"]}]},{"name":"Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation (NRF) of Korea","award":["202416570001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202416570001"]}]},{"name":"Research Grant of Pukyong National University","award":["2022R1A2B5B01001998"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1A2B5B01001998"]}]},{"name":"Research Grant of Pukyong National University","award":["RS-2023-00241461"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00241461"]}]},{"name":"Research Grant of Pukyong National University","award":["202416570001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202416570001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Titanium dental implants, while highly successful, face challenges due to polymicrobial infections leading to peri-implantitis and implant failure. Biofilm formation on implant surfaces is the primary cause of these infections, with factors such as matrix production and cross-kingdom interactions contributing to the microbial accumulation of bacterial and fungal pathogens species. To combat this issue, naturally derived molecules have been reported to overcome the hurdle of antimicrobial resistance against the application of conventional antibiotics and antifungals. Methods: The present study aimed to employ the lichen-derived molecules, usnic acid (UA), to retard the development of biofilms of bacterial and fungal pathogens on the surface of titanium kept in the human artificial saliva (HAS) working as a growth-supporting, host-mimicking media. Results: The minimum inhibitory concentration of UA in HAS towards Candida albicans was &gt;512 \u00b5g\/mL, whereas against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans, it was determined to be 512 \u00b5g\/mL. Whereas, in the standard growth media, the MIC value of UA towards S. mutans and S. aureus were 8 and 16 \u00b5g\/mL; however, against C. albicans, it was 512 \u00b5g\/mL. UA synergistically enhanced the efficacy of the antibiotics toward bacterial pathogens and the efficacy of antifungals against C. albicans. The antibiofilm results depict the fact that in the HAS, UA significantly reduced both mono-species of S. mutans, S. aureus, and C. albicans and mixed-species biofilm of C. albicans with S. mutans and S. aureus on the surface of the titanium. Conclusions: The present study showed that UA is a promising natural drug that can control oral polymicrobial disease as a result of the application of dental implants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14020115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T05:50:53Z","timestamp":1737525053000},"page":"115","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Controlling Oral Polymicrobial Biofilm Using Usnic Acid on the Surface of Titanium in the Artificial Saliva Media"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9314-9124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nazia","family":"Tabassum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4902-3188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fazlurrahman","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Ocean and Fisheries Development International Cooperation Institute, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"International Graduate Program of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9121-851X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geum-Jae","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7649-3572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Do Kyung","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2465-8013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young-Mog","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0089-x","article-title":"The oral microbiota: Dynamic communities and host interactions","volume":"16","author":"Lamont","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. 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