{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T23:35:47Z","timestamp":1779320147047,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"US Agency for International Development (USAID)","award":["7200AA18C00074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7200AA18C00074"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Antimicrobials are crucial for animal health and food security. However, their overuse in animals can lead to the emergence of resistant microorganisms. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a global public health threat that impacts both animal and human health. The objective of this study was to estimate the antimicrobial consumption (AMC) of veterinary antimicrobials at the national level using import data from January to December 2021, available from the Uganda National Drug Authority (NDA). Methods: The World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) methodology was applied using the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification codes for veterinary medicines. Results: Approximately 88,387.37 kg (88.39 tonnes) of veterinary antimicrobials were consumed in 2021. Parenteral veterinary antimicrobials accounted for 63.8% (56,375.65 kg) and oral veterinary antibacterials accounted for 36.2% (32,011.71 kg). Tetracyclines were the single most consumed veterinary antimicrobial class, accounting for 62.7% of total consumption. Oxytetracycline was the most consumed antibacterial (58.4%), followed by sulphadiazine + trimethoprim (11.1%), penicillin g\/dihydrostreptomycin (7.4%), penicillin G procaine + dihydrostreptomycin (6.8%), and tetracycline (3.5%), respectively. Out of all imported veterinary antimicrobials, 76% belonged to the World Health Organization (WHO)\u2019s Highly Important Antimicrobials (HIA) category, 16% to the Critically Important (CIA), and 9% to the Highest Priority Critically Important (HPCIA) categories. Imported colistin accounted for 0.1% of total veterinary consumption. Conclusions: This study contributes to understanding antimicrobial consumption in Uganda\u2019s livestock sector and, for the NDA, leaves in place a system for routine surveillance at a national level. We recommend strict regulatory oversight on the importation and use of colistin and macrolides to address AMR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14020150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T05:13:43Z","timestamp":1738646023000},"page":"150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["National-Level Consumption of Antimicrobials in the Veterinary Sector in Uganda: A Report on Analysis of Import Data for 2021"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0246-0249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marion","family":"Murungi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"USAID Medicines, Technologies, and Pharmaceutical Services (MTaPS) Program, Management Sciences for Health, Kampala P.O. Box 71419, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4356-4562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Vudriko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 10217, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5802-4791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen Byomire","family":"Ndagije","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug Authority, Kampala P.O. Box 23096, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3989-6794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana Nakitto","family":"Kesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug Authority, Kampala P.O. Box 23096, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Allan","family":"Serwanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug Authority, Kampala P.O. Box 23096, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5422-3742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kalidi","family":"Rajab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala P.O. Box 7072, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7273-2866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonard","family":"Manirakiza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Corporate Planning, Uganda National Bureau of Standards, Kampala, P.O. Box 6329, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9612-1840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John Paul","family":"Waswa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USAID Medicines, Technologies, and Pharmaceutical Services (MTaPS) Program, Management Sciences for Health, Kampala P.O. Box 71419, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2025-1152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hassan","family":"Kasujja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USAID Medicines, Technologies, and Pharmaceutical Services (MTaPS) Program, Management Sciences for Health, Kampala P.O. Box 71419, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9355-8524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Barigye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug Authority, Kampala P.O. Box 23096, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4624-2788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ddembe","family":"Kaweesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USAID Medicines, Technologies, and Pharmaceutical Services (MTaPS) Program, Management Sciences for Health, Kampala P.O. Box 71419, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5452-4182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harriet","family":"Akello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceuticals and Natural Medicines, Ministry of Health, Kampala P.O. Box 7272, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juliet","family":"Namugambe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6141-9436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reuben","family":"Kiggundu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USAID Medicines, Technologies, and Pharmaceutical Services (MTaPS) Program, Management Sciences for Health, Kampala P.O. Box 71419, Uganda"},{"name":"Centers for Antimicrobial Optimization Network (CAMO-Net), Department of Global Health Security, Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala P.O. Box 7072, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6828-1182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niranjan","family":"Konduri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USAID Medicines, Technologies, and Pharmaceutical Services (MTaPS) Program, Management Sciences for Health, Arlington, VA 22203, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: A systematic analysis","volume":"399","author":"Murray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-021-00931-w","article-title":"Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in low- and middle-income countries: A scattered picture","volume":"10","author":"Iskandar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antimicrob. 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