{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T13:42:15Z","timestamp":1780407735242,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MINISTERIO de CIENCIA e INNOVACI\u00d3N, PID2019-106222RBC32\/SRA","award":["10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10.13039\/501100011033"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Gastroparesis, a chronic digestive disorder characterized by delayed gastric emptying, often results from diabetes, post-surgical complications, autoimmune diseases, and neurological disorders. In approximately 50% of cases, the cause is idiopathic gastroparesis (IGD). Recent studies suggest a link between chronic enteroviral infection and persistent gastrointestinal symptoms, including delayed gastric emptying. This study investigates the effects of a silydianin-rich extract from Silybum marianum seeds on enteroviral infections in vitro and the mitigation of delayed gastric emptying in mice. Silydianin, a key bioactive compound known for its liver-protective and antioxidant properties, has not been extensively studied for its impact on enteroviral infections and gastroparesis. Methods: NMR spectroscopy (1H, 13C, DEPT 135 and 2D, and HSQC) and HRMS identified silydianin as the primary compound, with minor flavonolignans. This study assessed the cytotoxicity and antiviral activity of the extract at various stages of the viral life cycle, including virucidal activity, cell protection, and post-infection effects, using neutral red assays in RD cells, with results confirmed by real-time PCR. The viruses studied included coxsackievirus B2, coxsackievirus A10, poliovirus SL-1, and enterovirus EV71. The impact on delayed gastric emptying was evaluated in a mouse model using doses of 100 and 200 mg\/kg compared to a control group receiving physiological saline. Results: The silydianin-rich extract showed consistent antiviral activity, with the highest selectivity index (SI) for EV71 (4.08) during virucidal activity. It provided moderate cell protection, with EC50 values ranging from 120.88 to 186.10 \u00b5g\/mL and SI values from 2.20 to 3.39. Post-infection treatment showed varying efficacy, with coxsackie A10 demonstrating the highest SI (3.90). In vivo, the extract at 200 mg\/kg significantly improved gastric emptying to 96.47% and slightly increased gastrointestinal transit from 50.33% to 61.46%. Conclusions: These results suggest that silydianin may be effective for treating enteroviral infections and enhancing intestinal function, making it a promising candidate for gastroparesis treatment and warranting further research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14020196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T03:20:52Z","timestamp":1739503252000},"page":"196","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["In Vitro Antiviral Activity of a Silydianin-Rich Extract from Silybum marianum Seeds Against Four Strains of Enteroviruses: EV71, Coxsackievirus B2, Coxsackievirus A10, and Poliovirus SL-1 and Its Impact on Improving Delayed Gastric Emptying in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3765-1256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Houda","family":"Zaher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Agro-Alimentary and Health, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Hassan First University of Settat, Settat 26000, Morocco"},{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Virology Department, National Institute of Hygiene, Ministry of Health, Rabat 10020, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4806-6693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Francisco","family":"Qu\u00edlez del Moral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6490-4082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanae","family":"Lemrabet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Department, National Institute of Hygiene, Ministry of Health, Rabat 10020, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7426-8673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neri","family":"Koutchala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Technical School of Computer Engineering and Telecommunications, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bouchaib","family":"Bencharki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Agro-Alimentary and Health, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Hassan First University of Settat, Settat 26000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giec.2018.08.002","article-title":"Diabetic Gastroparesis and Nondiabetic Gastroparesis","volume":"29","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastrointest. 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