{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T17:39:40Z","timestamp":1776188380910,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA","award":["U01GH002259"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01GH002259"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: To aid in the development of antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs), we analyzed the patterns and trends in antibiotic prescriptions for patients with severe acute respiratory infection (SARI), utilizing the WHO\u2019s AWaRe classification. Methods: We analyzed data from hospital-based influenza surveillance from January 2011 to December 2020 across nine Bangladeshi tertiary-level hospitals. Surveillance physicians collected WHO-defined SARI patient data, including demographics, clinical characteristics, and antibiotic prescriptions. Descriptive statistics and parametric and non-parametric tests were used for the analysis. Results: Of 21,566 SARI patients [median age 20 years (IQR: 1.33\u201345), 66% male], 91% were prescribed at least one antibiotic. A total of 25,133 antibiotics were prescribed, of which 47.0% were third-generation cephalosporins, 16.5% were macrolides, and 11.1% were beta-lactam\/beta-lactamase inhibitors. According to the AWaRe classification, 28.7% were in the Access group, while 71.3% were in the Watch group, and none were from the Reserve group. A downward trend in Access group (30.4% to 25.1%; p = 0.010) and an upward trend in Watch group antibiotic prescription (69.6% to 74.9%; p = 0.010) were observed. We identified that patients aged &lt; 5 years (aOR: 1.80; 95% CI: 1.44\u20132.25), who were treated in government hospitals (aOR: 1.45; 95% CI: 1.35\u20131.57), patients with the presence of lung diseases (aOR: 1.56; 95% CI: 1.35\u20131.80) had an increased likelihood of being prescribed Watch group antibiotics. Conclusions: This study reveals a concerning pattern of antibiotic overuse among SARI patients in Bangladesh, with a growing trend over the past decade towards increased Watch group antibiotic prescriptions. Only one-third of the prescribed antibiotics were from the Access group, falling short of the two-thirds threshold recommended by the WHO. Effective ASPs are crucial to optimize antibiotic prescriptions and mitigate the risk of antimicrobial resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14020199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T04:48:51Z","timestamp":1739508531000},"page":"199","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Decade-Long Trends in Antibiotic Prescriptions According to WHO AWaRe Classification Among Severe Acute Respiratory Infection Patients at Tertiary Hospitals in Bangladesh (2011\u20132020)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Fahmida","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"},{"name":"Centre for Higher Studies and Research (CHSR), Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP), Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saju","family":"Bhuiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1634-8725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Abdul Aleem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4494-7856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanzir Ahmed","family":"Shuvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0907-7875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gazi Md. Salahuddin","family":"Mamun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1580-5883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Probir","family":"Kumar Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5676-3280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lubaba","family":"Shahrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samin Yasar","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 350108, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0734-5832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Ariful","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"},{"name":"School of Population Health, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahmudur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network (EMPHNET), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, K.W.K., Millar, B.C., and Moore, J.E. 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