{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T18:32:12Z","timestamp":1787682732440,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union","award":["049126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["049126"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["PI\/2019\/406-773"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI\/2019\/406-773"]}]},{"name":"Working Together to Fight Antimicrobial Resistance","award":["049126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["049126"]}]},{"name":"Working Together to Fight Antimicrobial Resistance","award":["PI\/2019\/406-773"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI\/2019\/406-773"]}]},{"name":"Pan American Health Organization","award":["049126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["049126"]}]},{"name":"Pan American Health Organization","award":["PI\/2019\/406-773"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI\/2019\/406-773"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents a major threat to health with significant global economic and safety implications. One of the major drives of this resistance is the misuse and overuse of antimicrobials. Background\/Objectives: In this sense, WHO proposed to it members to estimate the antimicrobial consumption (AMC) at each country level, in order to help local authorities in their decision making related to AMR control. Although this program is already installed worldwide, in the American continent, the rate of countries\u2019 inclusion has been delayed. This paper describes the efforts of Latin American &amp; Caribbean countries in terms of AMC local assessment. Methods: AMC data collection was done as per the GLASS tool proposed by WHO. Analysis was performed using Daily Defined Dose each one thousand inhabitants day (DID) for global, therapeutical group or each antibiotic. Access, Watch and target Reserve (AWaRe) WHO classification was applied after data collection. Results: 13 countries were included during the period 2019\u20132022. The global DID ranged from 2.55 DID to 36.26 DID. The trend of this consumption did downward along the years. One of the factors than impacted the AMC was the COVID-19 pandemic. The most problematic antimicrobial misuse was seen in certain beta lactams and macrolides, like ceftriaxone and azithromycin. Regarding the AWaRe classification, 5 out of 13 countries accomplished the target until 2023 of 60% consumption for \u201cAccess antimicrobial\u2019s group by 2023). This data helped local health managers to propose changes for better control of the AMR problem (ceftriaxone usage limitations in Peru, antimicrobial law in Argentina, etc.). Conclusions: The first steps towards AMC country\u2019s assessment has been initiated. The present work provided essential inputs to local health authorities for decision making related to AMR control. It will be necessary to keep applying this results in regulate antibiotic usage at country level, as well as enrolling more countries in the AMC project.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14030240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T03:37:57Z","timestamp":1740627477000},"page":"240","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["National Antimicrobial Consumption in Latin America and the Caribbean: Measurements and Results from 2019\u20132022"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6380-6453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustavo H.","family":"Marin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Centre of Pharmacology (CUFAR), UNLP, WHO-PAHO Col, La Plata 1900, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luc\u00eda","family":"Giangreco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Centre of Pharmacology (CUFAR), UNLP, WHO-PAHO Col, La Plata 1900, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Lichtenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristian","family":"Dorati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Centre of Pharmacology (CUFAR), UNLP, WHO-PAHO Col, La Plata 1900, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Perla","family":"Mordujovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Centre of Pharmacology (CUFAR), UNLP, WHO-PAHO Col, La Plata 1900, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Rojas-Cort\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), Washington, DC 20037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatiana","family":"Orjuela-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), Washington, DC 20037, USA"},{"name":"Independent Consultant, Washington, DC 20037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pilar","family":"Ram\u00f3n-Pardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), Washington, DC 20037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), Washington, DC 20037, USA"},{"name":"Independent Consultant, Washington, DC 20037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danini","family":"Marin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), Washington, DC 20037, USA"},{"name":"Independent Consultant, Washington, DC 20037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Ramirez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), Washington, DC 20037, USA"},{"name":"Independent Consultant, Washington, DC 20037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9 Lacerda Ulysses","family":"de Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), Washington, DC 20037, USA"},{"name":"Independent Consultant, Washington, DC 20037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Boni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Administration of Drugs, Food, and Medical Technology (ANMAT), Buenos Aires 1480, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barbados Drug Service, St. Michael 11464, Barbados"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Francisca","family":"Aldunate-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Institute, Ministry of Health, Santiago 1000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"L\u00f3pez-Pe\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Bogot\u00e1 110311, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shing Mi Ching","family":"Fung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Costa Rican Social Security (CCSS), San Jos\u00e9 10105-1000, Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"Mar\u00edn-Piva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Costa Rican Social Security (CCSS), San Jos\u00e9 10105-1000, Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ismary","family":"Alfonso-Orta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for State Control of Medicines, Equipment, and Medical Devices (CECMED), La Habana 11300, Cuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunil","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health, Region 2 002, Guyana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Mej\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secretary of Health, Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicia Mar\u00eda","family":"Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Regulation Agency (ARSA), Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Buzarquis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare (MSPBS), Asunci\u00f3n 2160, Paraguay"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hilda","family":"Mantilla-Ponte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Directorate of Medicines, Supplies, and Drugs (DIGEMID), Lima 15087, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Matthew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joseph Nathaniel France General Hospital, Basseterre KN0101, Saint Kitts and Nevis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gracious M.","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alexandra Hospital, Charlestown KN0802, Saint Kitts and Nevis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajeev P.","family":"Nagassar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Sangre Grande Hospital, The Eastern Regional Health Authority, Sangre Grande, Trinidad and Tobago"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2024, July 22). 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PLoS ONE., 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0297921"}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/14\/3\/240\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:43:35Z","timestamp":1760028215000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/14\/3\/240"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics14030240"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics14030240","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]}}}