{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T06:25:13Z","timestamp":1782109513234,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Swedish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPIAMR 2019-00294"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPIAMR 2019-00294"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and antimicrobial use (AMU) is needed to understand risks and implement policies. Collecting AMU data in the context of disease prevalence and therapeutic outcomes has been suggested for improving AMU. We describe the process of developing an information and communication technology (ICT) system to monitor AMU, diseases and treatment outcomes in poultry in East Africa. Methods: A prototype system to register drug sales in veterinary pharmacies, a mobile application for farmers to report their AMU, and a database for monitoring was developed. Contact information for participating veterinarians was included as well as information about poultry diseases, husbandry, AMR and prudent use of antibiotics. The system was pilot-tested for a 6-month period in Kenya. Results: A total of 15,725 records were submitted by the 14 participating pharmacies and 91 records were entered by the 15 participating farmers. Overall, the participants were positive about the system and were able to use it. The information available was appreciated by the farmers. The pharmacy representatives appreciated getting an overview of their sales and stated that it had given them new insights. Conclusions: Despite some challenges, the concept of the developed ICT system could be useful for future monitoring of animal health and the use of pharmaceuticals in animals, and connecting farmers with veterinarians to improve animal health management. Our results underline the importance of close collaboration with stakeholders so that developed tools can be transferred to national ownership after the finalization of externally funded projects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14030285","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T06:59:59Z","timestamp":1741589999000},"page":"285","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Development of an Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Tool for Monitoring of Antimicrobial Use, Animal Disease and Treatment Outcome in Low-Income Countries"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7907-8377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanna","family":"Sternberg-Lewerin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Biosciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4245-1232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua Orungo","family":"Onono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi 00100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8072-7132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"Boqvist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Biosciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence","family":"Mugisha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wildlife and Aquatic Animal Resources, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala 999123, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wangoru","family":"Kihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Badili Innovations Ltd., Nairobi 00100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linnea","family":"Lindfors","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterin\u00e4rerna i Svenljunga, SE-51293 Svenljunga, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kajsa","family":"Strandell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Falkenbergs Veterin\u00e4rservice, SE-31150 Falkenberg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1007-5511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florence","family":"Mutua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"European Union (2024, November 22). Regulation (EC) No 1831\/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2003 on Additives for Use in Animal Nutrition. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2003\/1831\/oj."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.07.031","article-title":"Antibiotic use in food animals worldwide, with a focus on Africa: Pluses and minuses","volume":"20","author":"Van","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"World Organization for Animal Health (2024, November 22). ANIMUSE, the Global Database on ANImal antiMicrobial USE. 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Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12050905"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Njenga, M.K., Kemunto, N., Kahariri, S., Holmstrom, L., Oyas, H., Biggers, K., Riddle, A., Gachohi, J., Muturi, M., and Mwatondo, A. (2021). High real-time reporting of domestic and wild animal diseases following rollout of mobile phone reporting system in Kenya. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244119"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Business Today (2024, November 22). Kenya Leads Africa in Smartphone Usage. Available online: https:\/\/businesstoday.co.ke\/kenya-leads-africa-smartphone-usage\/."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182012000571","article-title":"e-Surveillance in Animal Health: Use and evaluation of mobile tools","volume":"139","author":"Madder","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"FAO & WOAH (2023). 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[Master\u2019s Thesis, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences]."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/14\/3\/285\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:49:50Z","timestamp":1760028590000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/14\/3\/285"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics14030285"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics14030285","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]}}}