{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T03:49:52Z","timestamp":1790394592914,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742256000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Antimicrobial consumption (AMC) patterns, besides prescribing behaviors, reflect the changing epidemiology of infectious diseases. Routine surveillance data have been used to investigate the development of AMC from 2017 to 2023 and the impact of COVID-19 within the context of the framing time periods. Methods: Data from 112 hospitals, continuously participating from 2017 to 2023 in the national surveillance system of hospital antimicrobial consumption based at the Robert Koch Institute, were analyzed according to the WHO ATC (Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical)\/DDD (Defined Daily Dose) method and categorized according to the WHO AWaRe-classification. AMC was quantified by consumption density (CD) expressed in DDD\/100 patient days (PD) and DDD\/100 admissions (AD). The time period was subdivided into three phases: pre-pandemic phase (2017\u20132019), main pandemic phase (2020\u20132021) and transition phase (2022\u20132023). Linear regression models have been used to determine the presence of an overall trend, the change in intra-phasic trends and phase-specific mean consumption levels over time. Results: From 2017 to 2023 total antibiotic consumption decreased by 7% from 57.1 to 52.9 DDD\/100 PD. Four main kinetic patterns emerged across different antibiotic classes: Pattern 1 displays a decreasing pre-pandemic trend, which slowed down throughout the pandemic and transition phase and was exhibited by second-generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones. Pattern 2 reveals a rising pre-pandemic trend, which decelerated in the pandemic phase and accelerated again in the transition phase and was expressed by aminopenicillins\/beta-lactamase inhibitors, beta-lactamase sensitive pencillins, azithromycin and first-generation cephalosporins. Pattern 3 shows elevated mean consumption levels in the pandemic phase exhibited by carbapenems, glycopeptides, linezolid and third-generation cephalosporins. Pattern 4 reveals a rising trend throughout the pre-pandemic and pandemic phase, which reversed in the transition phase without achieving pre-pandemic levels and was expressed by beta-lactamase resistant penicillins, daptomycin, fosfomycin (parenteral) and ceftazidime\/avibactam. Conclusions: Kinetic consumption patterns across different antibiotic classes might reflect COVID-19-related effects and associated changes in the epidemiology of co-circulating pathogens and health care supply. Broad-spectrum antibiotics with persisting elevated consumption levels throughout the transition phase require special attention and focused antimicrobial stewardship activities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14030316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T11:02:31Z","timestamp":1742295751000},"page":"316","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Kinetic Patterns of Antibiotic Consumption in German Acute Care Hospitals from 2017 to 2023"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Birgitta","family":"Schweickert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Healthcare-Associated Infections, Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance and Antimicrobial Consumption, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0827-4543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niklas","family":"Willrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Healthcare-Associated Infections, Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance and Antimicrobial Consumption, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcel","family":"Feig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Methods Development, Research Infrastructure and Information Technology, Koch-Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Methods Development, Research Infrastructure and Information Technology, Koch-Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Behnke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humbold-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin and Berlin Institute for Health, 12203 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6798-7872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Alberto","family":"Pe\u00f1a Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humbold-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin and Berlin Institute for Health, 12203 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3047-6416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine","family":"Geffers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humbold-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin and Berlin Institute for Health, 12203 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imke","family":"Wieters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Healthcare-Associated Infections, Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance and Antimicrobial Consumption, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Gr\u00f6schner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Healthcare-Associated Infections, Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance and Antimicrobial Consumption, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doreen","family":"Richter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Healthcare-Associated Infections, Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance and Antimicrobial Consumption, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8775-4224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Healthcare-Associated Infections, Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance and Antimicrobial Consumption, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Eckmanns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Healthcare-Associated Infections, Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance and Antimicrobial Consumption, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muna","family":"Abu Sin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Healthcare-Associated Infections, Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance and Antimicrobial Consumption, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Federal Ministry of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e045343","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-045343","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on utilisation of healthcare services: A systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Moynihan","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kapsner, L.A., Kampf, M.O., Seuchter, S.A., Gruendner, J., Gulden, C., Mate, S., Mang, J.M., Sch\u00fcttler, C., Deppenwiese, N., and Krause, L. 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