{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T19:33:14Z","timestamp":1792697594656,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UI\/00772"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/00772"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Avian colibacillosis caused by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) strains is a bacterial disease responsible for enormous economic losses in the poultry industry, due to high mortality rates in farms, antibiotic therapy costs, and seizures at slaughterhouses. The aim of this study was to characterize the serogroups and molecular features of extended spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL)-producing APEC isolates recovered from 248 liver samples of 215 broilers and 33 turkeys with colibacillosis lesions in northeast Algeria. For this, microbiological tests were carried out, according to the recommended standards: E. coli isolates were recovered using standard microbiological protocols, and identification was carried out by MALDI-TOF MS. Serogrouping was performed using a rapid agglutination slide and the antisera of three O somatic groups (O1, O2, O78). Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the disk diffusion method. PCR assays and sequencing were used to detect antimicrobial resistance genes, integrons, phylogrouping, and MLST. Conjugation experiments were also conducted to determine the transferability of the retrieved ESBL-encoding genes. Overall, 211 (85.1%) APEC isolates were collected (one per positive sample), and 164 (77.7%) of them were typable. The O2 and O1 serogroups were the most detected (46.1% in broiler typable isolates and 61.5% in turkey typable isolates). Seventeen APEC isolates were ESBL-producers and harbored the following genes (number of isolates): blaCTX-M-1 (14), blaCTX-M-15 (2), and blaSHV-12 (1). They belonged to phylogroups D (10 isolates), B1 (6 isolates), and B2 (1 isolate). The MLST of 13 ESBL producers revealed seven STs: ST23, ST38, ST48, ST117, ST131, ST1146, and ST5087. The ESBL-encoding genes were transferred by conjugation among 15 ESBL-producing isolates, and transconjugants acquired either the IncK or IncI1 plasmids. Concerted efforts from all poultry actors are needed to establish surveillance monitoring strategies to mitigate the spread of ESBL-producing isolates implicated in avian colibacillosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14040356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T04:21:01Z","timestamp":1743481261000},"page":"356","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Serogrouping and Molecular Characterization of ESBL-Producing Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli from Broilers and Turkeys with Colibacillosis in Algeria"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5293-5890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadia Safia","family":"Chenouf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Earth and Universe Sciences, University Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi of Bordj Bou Arreridj, El Anasser, Bordj Bou Arreridj 34000, Algeria"},{"name":"Laboratory for Exploration and Valorization of Steppe Ecosystems (EVES), Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Life, University of Djelfa, Moudjbara Road BP 3117, Djelfa 17000, Algeria"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Biologie des Syst\u00e8mes Microbiens (LBSM), Ecole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure Cheikh Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi, BP 92, Kouba, Algiers 16000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6705-8405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chafik Redha","family":"Messa\u00ef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Earth and Universe Sciences, University Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi of Bordj Bou Arreridj, El Anasser, Bordj Bou Arreridj 34000, Algeria"},{"name":"Laboratory of Research Health and Animal Production, High National Veterinary School, Issad Abbes Street, Oued Smar, Algiers 16000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1762-412X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8094-5031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamara","family":"\u00c1lvarez-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Area Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logro\u00f1o, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9406-8433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7230-6856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelghani","family":"Zitouni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Biologie des Syst\u00e8mes Microbiens (LBSM), Ecole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure Cheikh Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi, BP 92, Kouba, Algiers 16000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahcene","family":"Hakem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agropastoralism Research Center of Djelfa, Djelfa 17000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0925-689X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Poeta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Agropastoralism Research Center of Djelfa, Djelfa 17000, Algeria"},{"name":"CECAV\u2014Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, University of Tra\u00ecs-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3709-1690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Area Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 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