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Methods: A shotgun sequencing metagenomic data-based bacteriome and resistome study of 1830 canine saliva samples was conducted considering the subsets of ARGs with higher public health risk, ESKAPE pathogen relatedness (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter species), and survey results on the physical and behavioral characteristics of the participating dogs. Results: A total of 318 ARG types achieved sufficiently high detection rates. These ARGs can affect 31 antibiotic drug classes through various resistance mechanisms. ARGs against tetracyclines, cephalosporins, and, interestingly, peptides appeared in the highest number of samples. Other Critically Important Antimicrobials (CIAs, WHO), such as aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, or macrolides, were among the drug classes most frequently affected by ARGs of higher public health risk and ESKAPE pathogen-related ARGs of higher public health risk. Several characteristics, including coat color, sterilization status, size, activity, or aggressiveness, were associated with statistically significant differences in ARG occurrence rates (p &lt; 0.0500). Conclusions: Although the oral microbiome of pet owners is unknown, the One Health and public health implications of the close human\u2013pet bonds and the factors potentially underlying the increase in salivary ARG numbers should be considered, particularly in light of the presence of ARGs affecting critically important drugs for human medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14050433","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T06:10:13Z","timestamp":1745561413000},"page":"433","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A One Health Approach Metagenomic Study on Antimicrobial Resistance Traits of Canine Saliva"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9291-9759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrienn Gr\u00e9ta","family":"T\u00f3th","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Institute for Animal Breeding, Nutrition and Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7611-8492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darinka Lilla","family":"T\u00f3th","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasglow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6090-187X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Remport","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"OnlyVet Veterinary Referral Center, 69800 Saint-Priest, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imre","family":"T\u00f3th","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Operative Tecniques and Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Borsod-Aba\u00faj-Zempl\u00e9n County Hospital and University Teaching Hospital, 3526 Miskolc, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tibor","family":"N\u00e9meth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department and Clinic of Surgery and Ophthalmology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Attila","family":"Dubecz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Paracelsus Medical University, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1863-5971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1rp\u00e1d V.","family":"Patai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Interventional Gastroenterology, Department of Surgery, Transplantation and Gastroenterology, Semmelweis University, 1082 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zsombor","family":"Wagenhoffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Animal Breeding, Nutrition and Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7273-9133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3","family":"Makrai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Autovakcina Ltd., 1171 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1783-2041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norbert","family":"Solymosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Physics of Complex Systems, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Rowan, A.N. 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