{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T17:44:22Z","timestamp":1765993462548,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Animal-associated antimicrobial-resistant staphylococci pose a One Health concern, as they can spread into the environment and cause serious infections. Yet, donkeys in Nigeria have been largely overlooked as potential reservoirs of these pathogens. Aim\/Objectives: To isolate Staphylococcus aureus from donkeys in Obollo-Afor, southeast Nigeria, assess their antimicrobial resistance profiles, and evaluate their virulence potential. Materials and Methods: Staphylococci were isolated from the nasal swabs of 250 donkeys, using mannitol salt agar, confirmed biochemically, with Staphylococcus aureus identified via a latex agglutination test and mass spectrometry. The resistance profiles of the isolates, including in regard to methicillin, inducible clindamycin, and \u03b2-lactamase production, were determined using disc diffusion, while vancomycin resistance was assessed through the use of agar dilution. The virulence factors were evaluated phenotypically. Results: Of the 250 samples, 11 (4.4%) contained S. aureus and 239 (95.6%) grew other Staphylococcus species. The resistance rates of the 11 S. aureus isolates to gentamicin, penicillin, tigecycline, cefoxitin, linezolid, and chloramphenicol were 45.5%, 66.7%, 54.5%, 27.3%, 36.4%, and 18.1%, respectively. The phenotypic methicillin-resistant S. aureus prevalence was 1.2%. Additionally, 23.5% of the S. aureus isolates were multidrug resistant, with a mean antibiotic resistance index of 0.25. All the S. aureus isolates exhibited virulence factors like clumping factor expression, catalase, caseinase, lecithinase, and gelatinase activity, while the occurrence of haemagglutinin, biofilm, pellicle, and hemolysin occurred in 27.3%, 54.5%, 36.4%, 72.2%, respectively. Conclusion: Although a small percentage of donkeys in Nigeria may harbor S. aureus, these animals are potentially spreading antimicrobial resistance, including multidrug and methicillin resistance, to humans and the environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14050453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T11:00:54Z","timestamp":1745924454000},"page":"453","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Virulence Potential of Staphylococcus aureus in Donkeys from Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Onyinye Josephine","family":"Okorie-Kanu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 402001, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2754-103X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madubuike Umunna","family":"Anyanwu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 402001, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Obichukwu Chisom","family":"Nwobi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 402001, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Regina Yaya","family":"Tambe-Ebot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 402001, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1274-0690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nkechi Harriet","family":"Ikenna-Ezeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 402001, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chukwuemeka Calistus","family":"Okolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 400001, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lynda Onyinyechi","family":"Obodoechi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 402001, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2498-3545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patience Chinasa","family":"Ugwu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 402001, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ifeyinwa Riona","family":"Okosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930001, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9310-6511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ishmael Festus","family":"Jaja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa"},{"name":"SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Roodepoort, Johannesburg 1710, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6810-4437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James Wabwire","family":"Oguttu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Roodepoort, Johannesburg 1710, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bertelloni, F., Cagnoli, G., and Ebani, V.V. 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