{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T17:59:58Z","timestamp":1789667998041,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Zagreb","award":["10106-24-1294"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10106-24-1294"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Proteus mirabilis is a frequent causative agent of urinary tract and wound infections in community and hospital settings. It develops resistance to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins (ESC) due to the production of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases (ESBLs) or plasmid-mediated AmpC \u03b2-lactamases (p-AmpC). Here, we report the characteristics of ESBLs and p-AmpC \u03b2-lactamases encountered among hospital and community isolates of P. mirabilis in two hospitals and the community settings in Zagreb, Croatia. Methods: Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using disk-diffusion and broth dilution methods. The double-disk-synergy test (DDST) and inhibitor-based test with clavulanic and cloxacillin were applied to screen for ESBLs and p-AmpC, respectively. PCR investigated the nature of ESBL, carbapenemases, and fluoroquinolone resistance determinants. Selected strains were subjected to molecular analysis of resistance traits by the Inter-Array CarbaResist Kit and whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Results: In total, 39 isolates were analyzed. Twenty-two isolates phenotypically tested positive for p-AmpC and seventeen for ESBLs. AmpC-producing organisms exhibited uniform resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanate, ESC, ciprofloxacin, and sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and uniform susceptibility to carbapenems and piperacillin-tazobactam and all harbored blaCMY-16 genes. ESBL-positive isolates demonstrated resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanate, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, and ciprofloxacin but variable susceptibility to cefepime and aminoglycosides. They possessed blaCTX-M genes that belong to cluster 1 (n = 5) or 9 (n = 12), with CTX-M-14 and CTX-M-65 as the dominant allelic variants. Conclusions: The study demonstrated the presence of CTX-M ESBL and CMY-16 p-AmpC among hospital and community-acquired isolates. AmpC-producing isolates showed uniform resistance patterns, whereas ESBL-positive strains had variable degrees of susceptibility\/resistance to non-\u03b2-lactam antibiotics, resulting in more diverse susceptibility patterns. The study found an accumulation of various resistance determinants among hospital and outpatient isolates, mandating improvement in detecting \u03b2-lactamases during routine laboratory work.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14050462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T07:44:58Z","timestamp":1746171898000},"page":"462","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["First Report of CTX-M-32 and CTX-M-101 in Proteus mirabilis from Zagreb, Croatia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Branka","family":"Bedeni\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Center-BIMIS, University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Department for Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control and Prevention, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6579-5089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josefa","family":"Luxner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic and Research Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1592-4559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gernot","family":"Zarfel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic and Research Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6937-521X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Grisold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic and Research Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirela","family":"Dobri\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Medicine and Pain Management, University Hospital Centre Sestre Milosrdnice Croatia, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Branka","family":"\u0110uras-Cuculi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Hospital Infections, University Hospital Centre Sestre Milosrdnice, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mislav","family":"Kasalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vesna","family":"Brati\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2365-8975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Verena","family":"Dobretzberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Austrian Institute for Technology, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1301-6197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"Bari\u0161i\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Austrian Institute for Technology, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanches, M.S., Silva, L.C., Silva, C.R.D., Montini, V.H., Oliva, B.H.D., Guidone, G.H.M., Nogueira, M.C.L., Menck-Costa, M.F., Kobayashi, R.K.T., and Vespero, E.C. 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