{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T06:36:56Z","timestamp":1776839816346,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]],"date-time":"2025-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)","award":["RGPIN-2019-04475"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2019-04475"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: The oral cavity hosts one of the most complex microbial communities in the body. A disruption of the balance favors the growth of pathogenic species, contributing to oral diseases. The rise in microbial resistance has limited the effectiveness of conventional treatments, shifting the interest to natural product-based alternatives. Given its superior bioavailability and bioactivity in other models, this study investigates the antifungal potential of a novel curcumin derivative, PAC (3,5-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)-N-methyl-4-piperidone), and studies its impact on host\u2013pathogen dynamics and host defense mechanisms. Methods:\u00a0Candida albicans was used as the model organism. Viability, growth kinetics, and colony formation were evaluated using optical density, agar culture, and MTT assay. Biofilm formation was assessed through electron microscopy and total sugar quantification. The morphological transition from hyphae to the less virulent blastospore was monitored using an optical microscope. The gene expression of adhesion factors and host defense markers was analyzed using RT-PCR. Results: PAC impairs C. albicans viability and reduces virulence by compromising biofilm formation and ensuring phenotypic transition to a blastospore form. Also, PAC controls C.\u00a0albicans growth via necrosis\/ROS pathways. As a result, PAC appears to repress host\u2013pathogen interaction by downregulating SAPs, EAP1, and HWP1 adhesion genes, thus relieving the need to activate gingival epithelial cell defense mechanisms. This is highlighted by recording baseline levels of IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1\u03b2 cytokines and antimicrobial \u03b2-defensin peptides in the presence of less virulent candida forms. Conclusions: PAC effectively reduces C. albicans virulence by limiting biofilm formation and adhesion while minimizing inflammatory responses. These findings support its potential as a promising therapeutic agent for infectious disease control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14050495","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]],"date-time":"2025-05-12T10:58:07Z","timestamp":1747047487000},"page":"495","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["New Curcumin Analogue (PAC) Inhibits Candida albicans Virulence, Restricts Its Adhesion Potential, and Relieves Oral Epithelial Cell Inflammation and Defense Mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ghazoua","family":"Mezni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Groupe de Recherche en \u00c9cologie Buccale, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine Dentaire, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hawraa","family":"Issa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Groupe de Recherche en \u00c9cologie Buccale, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine Dentaire, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manal","family":"Dahdah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Groupe de Recherche en \u00c9cologie Buccale, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine Dentaire, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana\u00efs","family":"Poulin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Groupe de Recherche en \u00c9cologie Buccale, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine Dentaire, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6942-0519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Da\u00efch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Normandie Univ., UNILEHAVRE, INC3M FR 3038 CNRS, URCOM, 76600 Le Havre, France. UR 3221, UFR ST, BP: 1123, 25 rue Philipe Lebon, 76063 Le Havre Cedex, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3942-5455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulaziz","family":"Alamri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2205-8281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Rouabhia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Groupe de Recherche en \u00c9cologie Buccale, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine Dentaire, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdelhabib","family":"Semlali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Groupe de Recherche en \u00c9cologie Buccale, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine Dentaire, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00187-18","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00187-18","article-title":"New Insights into Human Nostril Microbiome from the Expanded Human Oral Microbiome Database (eHOMD): A Resource for the Microbiome of the Human Aerodigestive Tract","volume":"3","author":"Escapa","year":"2018","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0089-x","article-title":"The oral microbiota: Dynamic communities and host interactions","volume":"16","author":"Lamont","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. 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