{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:16:38Z","timestamp":1760058998783,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32230106","2024TC013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32230106","2024TC013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Chinese Universities Scientific Fund","award":["32230106","2024TC013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32230106","2024TC013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Fungal infections pose an increasingly predominant threat to human and animal health. Modified compounds derived from chemo-diverse natural products offer enhanced therapeutic efficacies and promising approaches to combat life-threatening fungal pathogens. Methods: We performed biosynthetic gene clusters analysis of 2,4-diacetylchloroglucoside (DAPG) in 4292 shotgun metagenomes samples from the healthy and diseased skin. Then, we assessed the antifungal activity of DAPG and the derivative 2,4-diproylphloroglucinol (DPPG) against pathogenic fungi by minimum inhibitory concentrations. The inhibitory effects of DPPG were measured using hyphal growth assay and spore germination assay. Concurrently, the mechanism of DPPG on Aspergillus fumigatus was investigated in membrane permeability and fluidity. The therapeutic efficacy was evaluated in a Galleria mellonella infection model. Results: We observed a significantly higher abundance of bacteria harboring DAPG biosynthetic clusters on healthy skin compared to diseased skin. Further, we designed and synthesized a series of phloroglucinol derivatives based on DAPG and obtained an antifungal candidate DPPG. DPPG not only exhibited robust antifungal activity against Aspergillus spp. and Candida spp. but also impaired hyphal growth and spore germination of A. fumigatus in vitro. A mechanism study showed that DPPG reduced membrane fluidity and increased the leakage of cellular contents, resulting in membrane perturbation and fungal death. Lastly, the therapeutic efficacy of DPPG was confirmed in a G. mellonella infection model. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that DPPG is a potent scaffold to combat invasive fungal infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14050499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T06:40:23Z","timestamp":1747118423000},"page":"499","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antifungal Effects of the Phloroglucinol Derivative DPPG Against Pathogenic Aspergillus fumigatus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Liyang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junying","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanzhong","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meirong","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haoran","family":"Gou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongxing","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8242-3952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kui","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e428","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00692-8","article-title":"Global incidence and mortality of severe fungal disease","volume":"24","author":"Denning","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet. 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