{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T22:01:14Z","timestamp":1790805674803,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747872000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CNPq\/Universal","award":["420239\/2018-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["420239\/2018-9"]}]},{"name":"CNPq\/Universal","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014Brasil (CAPES)","award":["420239\/2018-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["420239\/2018-9"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014Brasil (CAPES)","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Amikacin is still an essential antimicrobial to treat life-threatening infections, including multidrug-resistant microorganisms. The effectiveness of treatment has been correlated with the Cmax\/MIC ratio, with a ratio of 8 being recommended, which is difficult to reach in some patients. Appropriate antibiotic exposure is important for knowing the disposition of the drug in the population. Objectives: We aimed to integrate therapeutic drug monitoring and a populational pharmacokinetic model to assess an optimal dose regimen and respective plasma exposure. Methods: Plasma levels of amikacin in peaks and troughs were determined by LC-MS\/MS. The pharmacokinetic parameter was estimated to use nonlinear mixed effect modeling in Monolix\u00ae software. The probability of target attainment was also determined using the Simulx\u2122 software. Results: A total of 39 patients were enrolled. A one-compartment model with proportional error model best described amikacin pharmacokinetic parameters, providing a Cl of 1.49 L\/h and Vc of 23.18 L. The model developed could characterize the pharmacokinetic profile in Brazilian patients who underwent therapeutic drug monitoring. Conclusions: Amikacin therapeutic drug monitoring should be associated with population pharmacokinetic analysis in dose optimization and individualization, helping maintain appropriate drug exposure in special populations such as critically ill patients. This strategy may contribute to enhancing clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14060531","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T07:04:28Z","timestamp":1747897468000},"page":"531","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Therapeutic Drug Monitoring-Based Population Pharmacokinetics of Amikacin in Patients at a Teaching Hospital"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7426-9294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadine Arnold","family":"Steffens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Camobi, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Estevan Sonego","family":"Zimmermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32827, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3625-0186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francine Johansson","family":"Azeredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32827, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6966-5073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Linden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo 93525-075, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis Junior","family":"Finatto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital of Santa Maria, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0403-0683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta Zilles","family":"Hahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo 93525-075, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5535-6288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre Vargas","family":"Schwarzbold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital of Santa Maria, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liliane Souto","family":"Pacheco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital of Santa Maria, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nat\u00e1lia","family":"Brucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Camobi, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2022.101979","article-title":"The Growing Menace of Drug Resistant Pathogens and Recent Strategies to Overcome Drug Resistance: A Review","volume":"34","author":"Harikumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. King Saud. Univ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balasubramanian, R., Van Boeckel, T.P., Carmeli, Y., Cosgrove, S., and Laxminarayan, R. (2023). Global Incidence in Hospital-Associated Infections Resistant to Antibiotics: An Analysis of Point Prevalence Surveys from 99 Countries. PLoS Med., 20.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004178"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"ECDC European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2017). 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