{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T01:16:08Z","timestamp":1789434968258,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Improper use of systemic antibiotics remains a significant concern in hospital settings, contributing to increased antimicrobial resistance and suboptimal clinical outcomes. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated this issue. This study aimed to evaluate long-term trends in antibiotic utilization in low-resource settings at a tertiary care teaching hospital, focusing specifically on the changes before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This retrospective observational study analyzed antibiotic utilization data from the University Clinical Centre of the Republic of Srpska over ten years (2015\u20132024). Antibiotic consumption was expressed in defined daily doses (DDD) per 100 bed-days, and compared across three periods: pre-COVID-19 (2015\u20132019), COVID-19 (2020\u20132022), and post-COVID-19 (2023\u20132024). Additionally, antibiotic use was categorized according to the WHO AWaRe classification. Results: Antibiotic utilization peaked during the COVID-19 period, with the highest rate observed in 2021 (91.5 DDD\/100 bed-days), despite a decrease in hospital admissions. The most frequently used antibiotics were cephalosporins, penicillins, and metronidazole. A significant increase in the use of azithromycin, meropenem, piperacillin\/tazobactam, vancomycin, and colistin was noted during the COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 periods (p &lt; 0.05), along with a notable decline in penicillin use. Watch and Reserve antibiotic use rose significantly (p &lt; 0.05), while Access group use fell from 67% to 49.2%. Conclusions: These findings underscore the lasting impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on antibiotic prescribing patterns and emphasize the urgent need for strengthened antimicrobial stewardship efforts to ensure rational antibiotic use and combat antimicrobial resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14060535","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T06:16:03Z","timestamp":1747980963000},"page":"535","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Retrospective Study of the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Utilization and Quality of Antibiotic Use in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Low-Resource Settings"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6083-9583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vedrana","family":"Bari\u0161i\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacy Department, University Clinical Centre of the Republic of Srpska, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3924-7962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tijana","family":"Kova\u010devi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacy Department, University Clinical Centre of the Republic of Srpska, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9599-1999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maja","family":"Travar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Clinical Centre of the Republic of Srpska, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6883-4739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Goli\u0107 Jeli\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6654-5351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedja","family":"Kova\u010devi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6087-5785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dragana","family":"Milakovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacy Department, University Clinical Centre of the Republic of Srpska, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6643-1781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ranko","family":"\u0160krbi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina"},{"name":"Academy of Sciences and Arts of the Republic of Srpska, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina"},{"name":"Department of Pathologic Physiology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119435, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-014-0649-6","article-title":"Hospital statistics for antibiotics: Defined versus prescribed daily dose","volume":"42","author":"Gagliotti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calder\u00f3n-Parra, J., Mui\u00f1o-Miguez, A., Bendala-Estrada, A.D., Ramos-Mart\u00ednez, A., Mu\u00f1ez-Rubio, E., Carracedo, E.F., Montes, J.T., Rubio-Rivas, M., Arnalich-Fernandez, F., and P\u00e9rez, J.L.B. (2021). Inappropriate antibiotic use in the COVID-19 era: Factors associated with inappropriate prescribing and secondary complications. Analysis of the registry SEMI-COVID. 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