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University of London","award":["14.0195"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14.0195"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Clarithromycin is a commonly used macrolide antibiotic. Infection is a major source of mortality and morbidity in critical care units. Pharmacokinetics may vary during critical illness and suboptimal antimicrobial exposure has been shown to be associated with treatment failure. The pharmacokinetics of intravenous clarithromycin in critical illness have not previously been described. Methods: Pharmacokinetic, clinical and demographic data were collected from critically ill adults receiving intravenous clarithromycin. Drug concentrations were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography\/mass spectrometry. Population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using NONMEM version 7.5.1. Allometric weight scaling was added, and periods of renal replacement therapy were excluded a priori. Simulations of 10,000 patients were performed to assess pharmacokinetic\u2013pharmacodynamic (PKPD) target attainment. Results: The analysis included 121 samples taken from 19 participants. A two-compartment model was found to provide the best fit. The addition of covariates did not improve model fit. There was no evidence of auto-inhibition in this population. Population parameter estimates of clearance and volume of distribution were lower than previously reported, with high interindividual variability. Simulations suggested reasonable pharmacokinetic\u2013pharmacodynamic (PKPD) target attainment with current dosing regimens for most organisms that clarithromycin is used to treat with known clinical breakpoints. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first study to describe the pharmacokinetics of intravenous clarithromycin in humans. Although our simulations suggest reasonable target attainment, further investigation into appropriate PKPD targets and clinical breakpoints for clarithromycin may enable dosing optimisation in this population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14060559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T09:22:41Z","timestamp":1748596961000},"page":"559","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Intravenous Clarithromycin in Critically Ill Adults: A Population Pharmacokinetic Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6678-2885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reya V.","family":"Shah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infection and Immunity, City St George\u2019s, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, St George\u2019s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London SW17 0QT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7295-8993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karin","family":"Kipper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infection and Immunity, City St George\u2019s, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK"},{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia"},{"name":"Analytical Services International Ltd., London SW17 0RE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emma H.","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infection and Immunity, City St George\u2019s, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, St George\u2019s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London SW17 0QT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6757-5867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte I. 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