{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:53:29Z","timestamp":1792803209513,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]],"date-time":"2025-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748649600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Vicerrector\u00eda de Investigaciones, Universidad El Bosque","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04m9gzq43","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gram-negative enteric rods (GNERs) are transient members of the oral microbiota and are considered a superinfection in patients with periodontitis that poses local and systemic risks due to associations with infections and multidrug resistance, including extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. These pathogens often resist antibiotics such as amoxicillin, doxycycline, and ciprofloxacin, complicating dental treatments. Though their resistance patterns vary, links between specific resistance genes and phenotypic resistance remain unclear. Objectives: To determine the correlation between resistance genes (blaTEM, blaSHV, tetQ, tetM, qnrB, qnrS, and mph(A)) and phenotypic resistance in GNERs isolated from oral cavity samples. Methods: A total of 90 oral isolates of GNERs were isolated from patients in a dental clinic, and bacteria were identified by the BD BBL Crystal biochemical panel. The antibiotic susceptibility testing was conducted through broth microdilution following CLSI standards for drives such as amoxicillin, amoxicillin\/clavulanic acid, doxycycline, ciprofloxacin, and azithromycin. Resistance genes, including blaTEM, blaSHV, tetQ, tetM, qnrS, qnrB, and mph(A), were detected using polymerase chain reaction and gel electrophoresis. The proportions of species, resistance genes, and minimum inhibitory concentration values were statistically analyzed. Conclusions: As expected, most enteric bacteria showed natural resistance to beta-lactams. Significant resistance to azithromycin was observed in some species. Genotypic and phenotypic profiles suggest the existence of alternative resistance mechanisms; therefore, other mechanisms associated with antibiotic resistance should be investigated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14060564","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T11:40:32Z","timestamp":1748864432000},"page":"564","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Molecular and Phenotypic Evaluation of Antibiotic Resistance in Enteric Rods Isolated from the Oral Cavity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9350-0941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yineth","family":"Neuta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n B\u00e1sica Oral-UIBO, Vicerrector\u00eda de Investigaciones, Facultad de Odontolog\u00eda, Universidad El Bosque, Bogot\u00e1 110121, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Leguizamon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Odontolog\u00eda, Universidad El Bosque, Bogot\u00e1 110121, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Pajaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Odontolog\u00eda, Universidad El Bosque, Bogot\u00e1 110121, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Zarate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Odontolog\u00eda, Universidad El Bosque, Bogot\u00e1 110121, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauricio","family":"Julio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Odontolog\u00eda, Universidad El Bosque, Bogot\u00e1 110121, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Pantoja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Odontolog\u00eda, Universidad El Bosque, Bogot\u00e1 110121, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabella","family":"Llerena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Odontolog\u00eda, Universidad El Bosque, Bogot\u00e1 110121, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8842-549X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathaly Andrea","family":"Delgadillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n B\u00e1sica Oral-UIBO, Vicerrector\u00eda de Investigaciones, Facultad de Odontolog\u00eda, Universidad El Bosque, Bogot\u00e1 110121, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2747","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-021-02300-y","article-title":"Presence of non-oral bacteria in the oral cavity","volume":"203","author":"Zaatout","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. 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