{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T07:53:25Z","timestamp":1776326005947,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Listeria monocytogenes is a major foodborne pathogen responsible for listeriosis, a serious illness with high morbidity and mortality, particularly in vulnerable populations. Its persistence in food processing environments and resistance to conventional preservation methods pose significant food safety challenges. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) offer a promising natural alternative due to their antimicrobial properties, especially through the production of bacteriocins. This study investigates the competitive interactions between Lactococcus lactis and L. monocytogenes under co-culture conditions, with a focus on changes in their secretomes to better understand how LAB-derived bacteriocins can help mitigate the Listeria burden. Methods: Proteomic approaches, including Tricine-SDS-PAGE, two-dimensional electrophoresis, and shotgun proteomics, were employed to analyze the molecular adaptations of both species in response to bacterial competition. Results: Our results reveal a significant increase in the secretion of enolase by L. monocytogenes when in competition with L. lactis, suggesting its role as a stress-responsive moonlighting protein involved in adhesion, immune evasion, and biofilm formation. Concurrently, L. lactis exhibited a shift in the production of its bacteriocin, nisin, favoring the expression of Nisin Z\u2014a variant with improved solubility and diffusion properties. This differential regulation indicates that bacteriocin production is modulated by bacterial competition, likely as a defensive response to the presence of pathogens. Conclusions: These findings highlight the dynamic interplay between LAB and L. monocytogenes, underscoring the potential of LAB-derived bacteriocins as natural biopreservatives. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying microbial competition could enhance food safety strategies, particularly in dairy products, by reducing reliance on chemical preservatives and mitigating the risk of L. monocytogenes contamination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14060572","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T06:21:51Z","timestamp":1748931711000},"page":"572","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) and Their Bacteriocins for Applications in Food Safety Against Listeria monocytogenes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6109-0834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristian","family":"Piras","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Magna Gr\u00e6cia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7680-6068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessio","family":"Soggiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"One Health Unit, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4521-0020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viviana","family":"Greco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Biotechnological Sciences, Intensivological and Perioperative Clinics, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department Unity of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Molecular Biology, Department of Diagnostic and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5129-0592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierluigi Aldo","family":"Di Ciccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Bonizzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"One Health Unit, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna Caterina","family":"Procopio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Magna Gr\u00e6cia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Urbani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Biotechnological Sciences, Intensivological and Perioperative Clinics, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department Unity of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Molecular Biology, Department of Diagnostic and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0114-5872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Roncada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Magna Gr\u00e6cia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70870-9","article-title":"The Global Burden of Listeriosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"14","author":"Devleesschauwer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. 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Proteom."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/14\/6\/572\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:46:26Z","timestamp":1760031986000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/14\/6\/572"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics14060572"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics14060572","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]}}}