{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:25:48Z","timestamp":1760059548419,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"World Bank through the African Center of Excellence Project-Impact (ACE-Impact)","award":["IDA 6388-BF\/D443"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IDA 6388-BF\/D443"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The overuse of antibiotics has led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, posing a global public health challenge. Among these, extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E and CPE) are of particular concern due to their potential to spread resistance in various environments. Understanding the prevalence and spread of these bacteria in the influent and effluent of wastewater treatment plants is essential. Methods: This study examined ESBL-E and CPE in wastewater from three WWTPs in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, and was conducted between February and August 2024. Phenotypic detection of ESBL-E was performed on the isolates using the double-disk synergy test and the combination disk test, whereas the CPE detection employed the combination disk test and the modified Hodge test. Results: A total of 250 Enterobacteriaceae isolates were found, with Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., and Buttiauxella spp. the most predominant taxa. Phenotypic analysis revealed a high prevalence of ESBL-E, particularly in influent samples, with rates ranging from 55 to 98% across the WWTPs. CPE detection showed varying prevalence, with higher proportions identified in effluent samples, ranging from 37 to 68%, depending on the plant. These findings highlight the critical role of WWTPs in the persistence and potential spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Conclusions: This study underscores the urgent need for improved wastewater treatment technologies and comprehensive monitoring systems to reduce the dissemination of ESBL-E and CPE in the environment. Addressing these challenges is crucial for mitigating the public health risks associated with antimicrobial resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14070641","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T03:53:02Z","timestamp":1750823582000},"page":"641","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Phenotypic Detection of Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase and Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae from Wastewater Treatment Plants in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Inayatou","family":"Hamma Yacouba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire Eaux, Hydro-Syst\u00e8mes et Agriculture (LEHSA), Institut International d\u2019Ing\u00e9nierie de l\u2019Eau et de L\u2019Environnement (2iE), Ouagadougou 01 BP 594, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yacouba","family":"Konat\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire Eaux, Hydro-Syst\u00e8mes et Agriculture (LEHSA), Institut International d\u2019Ing\u00e9nierie de l\u2019Eau et de L\u2019Environnement (2iE), Ouagadougou 01 BP 594, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bapio Val\u00e9rie Elvira Jean T\u00e9lesphore","family":"Bazie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique (CNRST), Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sant\u00e9 (IRSS), Ouagadougou 03 BP 7047, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7748-1522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boukary","family":"Sawadogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire Eaux, Hydro-Syst\u00e8mes et Agriculture (LEHSA), Institut International d\u2019Ing\u00e9nierie de l\u2019Eau et de L\u2019Environnement (2iE), Ouagadougou 01 BP 594, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Njeru, J., Odero, J., Chebore, S., Ndung\u2019u, M., Tanui, E., Wesangula, E., Ndanyi, R., Githii, S., Gunturu, R., and Mwangi, W. 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