{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T03:31:37Z","timestamp":1773804697940,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002848","name":"ANID Millennium Science Initiative\/Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research on Bacterial Resistance, MICROB-R, NCN17-08, and FONDECYT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1240316"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1240316"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global health concern, driven in part by the environmental release of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). Aquatic systems, particularly those exposed to urban, agricultural, and industrial activity, are recognized as hotspots for AMR evolution and transmission. In Chile, the Aconcagua River\u2014subject to multiple anthropogenic pressures\u2014offers a representative model for studying the environmental dimensions of AMR. Methods: Thirteen surface water samples were collected along the Aconcagua River basin in a single-day campaign to avoid temporal bias. Samples were filtered through 0.22 \u03bcm membranes and cultured on MacConkey agar, either unsupplemented or supplemented with ceftazidime (CAZ) or ciprofloxacin (CIP). Isolates were purified and identified using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Antibiotic susceptibility was evaluated using the Kirby\u2013Bauer disk diffusion method in accordance with CLSI guidelines. Carbapenemase activity was assessed using the Blue-Carba test, and PCR was employed for the detection of the blaVIM, blaKPC, blaNDM, and blaIMP genes. Results: A total of 104 bacterial morphotypes were isolated; 80 were identified at the species level, 5 were identified at the genus level, and 19 could not be taxonomically assigned using MALDI-TOF. Pseudomonas (40 isolates) and Aeromonas (25) were the predominant genera. No growth was observed on CIP plates, while 24 isolates were recovered from CAZ-supplemented media, 87.5% of which were resistant to aztreonam. Five isolates exhibited resistance to carbapenems; two tested positive for carbapenemase activity and carried the blaVIM gene. Conclusions: Our results confirm the presence of clinically significant resistance mechanisms, including blaVIM, in environmental Pseudomonas spp. from the Aconcagua River. These findings highlight the need for environmental AMR surveillance and reinforce the importance of adopting a One Health approach to antimicrobial stewardship and wastewater regulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14070669","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T06:10:26Z","timestamp":1751436626000},"page":"669","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Antimicrobial Resistance in the Aconcagua River, Chile: Prevalence and Characterization of Resistant Bacteria in a Watershed Under High Anthropogenic Contamination Pressure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Nicol\u00e1s","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Rojas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Resistencia Antimicrobiana en Bacterias Pat\u00f3genas y Ambientales, (GRABPA), Instituto de Biolog\u00eda, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valpara\u00edso, Valpara\u00edso 2340025, Chile"},{"name":"Multidisciplinary Initiative for Collaborative Research on Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago 7610658, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Lira-Vel\u00e1squez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Resistencia Antimicrobiana en Bacterias Pat\u00f3genas y Ambientales, (GRABPA), Instituto de Biolog\u00eda, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valpara\u00edso, Valpara\u00edso 2340025, Chile"},{"name":"Multidisciplinary Initiative for Collaborative Research on Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago 7610658, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Covarrubia-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Resistencia Antimicrobiana en Bacterias Pat\u00f3genas y Ambientales, (GRABPA), Instituto de Biolog\u00eda, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valpara\u00edso, Valpara\u00edso 2340025, Chile"},{"name":"Multidisciplinary Initiative for Collaborative Research on Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago 7610658, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"Plaza-Sep\u00falveda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Resistencia Antimicrobiana en Bacterias Pat\u00f3genas y Ambientales, (GRABPA), Instituto de Biolog\u00eda, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valpara\u00edso, Valpara\u00edso 2340025, Chile"},{"name":"Multidisciplinary Initiative for Collaborative Research on Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago 7610658, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Munita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multidisciplinary Initiative for Collaborative Research on Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago 7610658, Chile"},{"name":"Genomics & Resistant Microbes Group (GeRM), Instituto de Ciencias e Innovaci\u00f3n en Medicina (ICIM), Facultad de Medicina Cl\u00ednica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610658, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5351-8108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauricio J.","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Onw Health Institute, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andr\u00e9s Bello, Santiago 7591538, Chile"},{"name":"Departamento de Ecolog\u00eda, Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 8330009, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Olivares-Pacheco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Resistencia Antimicrobiana en Bacterias Pat\u00f3genas y Ambientales, (GRABPA), Instituto de Biolog\u00eda, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valpara\u00edso, Valpara\u00edso 2340025, Chile"},{"name":"Multidisciplinary Initiative for Collaborative Research on Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago 7610658, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salam, M.A., Al-Amin, M.Y., Salam, M.T., Pawar, J.S., Akhter, N., Rabaan, A.A., and Alqumber, M.A.A. 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