{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T20:34:16Z","timestamp":1792010056659,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":140,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]],"date-time":"2025-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751932800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Center of Biomedical Research Excellence (COBRE) for Translational Chemical Biology","award":["NIH P20 GM130456"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH P20 GM130456"]}]},{"name":"Center of Biomedical Research Excellence (COBRE) for Translational Chemical Biology","award":["KL2TR001996"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KL2TR001996"]}]},{"name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health","award":["NIH P20 GM130456"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH P20 GM130456"]}]},{"name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health","award":["KL2TR001996"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KL2TR001996"]}]},{"name":"University of Kentucky Igniting Research Collaborations program","award":["NIH P20 GM130456"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH P20 GM130456"]}]},{"name":"University of Kentucky Igniting Research Collaborations program","award":["KL2TR001996"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KL2TR001996"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objective: Non-typhoidal Salmonella is a leading cause of foodborne illness worldwide and presents a significant One Health concern due to zoonotic transmission. Although antibiotic therapy remains a standard approach for treating salmonellosis in severe cases in animals, the widespread misuse of antibiotics has contributed to the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella strains. This study provides insights into the genotypic and phenotypic characteristics among Salmonella isolates from necropsied cattle. Methods: A total of 1008 samples were collected from necropsied cattle. Salmonella enterica subspecies were identified by MALDI-TOF MS and subsequently confirmed by serotyping. The biofilm-forming ability of the isolated bacteria was assessed using a crystal violet assay. The motility of the isolates was assessed on soft agar plates. Additionally, the antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and virulence genes were investigated. Antimicrobial resistance patterns were investigated against 19 antibiotics representing 9 different classes. Results:Salmonella species were isolated and identified in 27 necropsied cattle. Salmonella Dublin was the most prevalent serotype (29.6%). Additionally, all the isolates were biofilm producers at different levels of intensity, and 96.3% of the isolates exhibited both swarming and swimming motility. Furthermore, virulence genes, including invA, hilA, fimA, and csgA, were detected in all the isolates. The highest resistance was observed to macrolides (azithromycin and clindamycin) (100%), followed by imipenem (92.6%), and chloramphenicol (85.2%). All isolates were multidrug-resistant, with a multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index ranging between 0.32 and 0.74. The aminoglycoside resistance gene aac(6\u2032)-Ib was detected in all the isolates (100%), whereas the distribution of other antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) varied among the isolates. Conclusions: The increasing prevalence of MDR Salmonella poses a significant public health risk. These resistant strains can reduce the effectiveness of standard treatments and elevate outbreak risks. Strengthening surveillance and regulating antibiotic use in livestock are essential to mitigating these threats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14070689","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]],"date-time":"2025-07-08T07:31:57Z","timestamp":1751959917000},"page":"689","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Multidrug Resistance and Virulence Traits of Salmonella\u00a0enterica Isolated from Cattle: Genotypic and Phenotypic Insights"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6348-1281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nada A.","family":"Fahmy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumin","family":"Karna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angel","family":"Bhusal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0145-3197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ajran","family":"Kabir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erdal","family":"Erol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40511, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1470-5418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yosra A.","family":"Helmy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2024.100698","article-title":"A review and meta-analysis of non-typhoidal Salmonella in Vietnam: Challenges to the control and antimicrobial resistance traits of a neglected zoonotic pathogen","volume":"18","author":"Nhung","year":"2024","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ager, E.O., Carvalho, T., Silva, E.M., Ricke, S.C., and Hite, J.L. 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