{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T01:13:42Z","timestamp":1775610822168,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The oral microbiome differs in obese patients compared to normal-weight subjects. Microbiologic shifts very often appear after surgical interventions such as bariatric surgery (BS) and in immunocompromised patients. However, the oral microbiome composition and load in subjects after bariatric surgery are unclear. Aim: The aim of this review is to summarize the current state of the art related to the oral microbiome shift induced by bariatric surgery and to discuss its implications on oral cavity health. Methods: Electronic databases: PubMed\/Medline, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library were searched for articles published up to March 30, 2025, describing prospective studies focused on changes in the oral microbiota of patients who underwent bariatric surgery. Results: Eight studies measuring the oral microbiome with different approaches\u201416S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) sequencing, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI TOF MS)\u2014were included in this review. The following bariatric techniques were used: sleeve gastrectomy, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, Omega loop gastric bypass, and laparoscopic gastric plication. The follow-up period ranged from 3 to 12 months. The results of microbiologic studies were unequivocal. There was an increment in Streptococcus mutans reported, high levels of Candida species, and increased rates of some periodontitis-associated bacteria (Porphyromonas gingivalis) in the post-bariatric surgery period, though some studies suggested a shift towards non-pathogenic composition of the oral microbiome in prospective observations. Conclusions: The local oral microbial homeostasis becomes strongly impacted by the bariatric surgical treatment itself as well as its consequences in the further post-operative period. Therefore, obese patients undergoing BS require very careful dental observation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14070695","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T13:44:19Z","timestamp":1752241459000},"page":"695","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Potential Shifts in the Oral Microbiome Induced by Bariatric Surgery\u2014A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5482-3964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zuzanna","family":"\u015alebioda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology and Oral Mucosa Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4761-0805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Rang\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Odontology, CHU Rennes, University of Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France"},{"name":"CIC 1414 (Centre d\u2019Investigation Clinique de Rennes), CHU Rennes, University of Rennes, Inserm, 35000 Rennes, France"},{"name":"UMR S 1317 Institut Numecan (Nutrition, M\u00e9tabolismes et Cancer), 35000 Rennes, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Str\u00f3zik-Wieczorek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Denta Private Dental Practice, 53-022 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2029-2277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marzena Liliana","family":"Wyganowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology and Oral Mucosa Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) (2017). Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: A pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128.9 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet, 390, 2627\u20132642."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-014-0243-x","article-title":"The Epidemiology of Obesity: A Big Picture","volume":"33","author":"Hruby","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2024.1576","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"178","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01210-8","article-title":"Obesity in adults","volume":"404","author":"Lingvay","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chandrasekaran, P., and Weiskirchen, R. (2024). The Role of Obesity in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus-An Overview. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25031882"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u017eunkov\u00e1, M., Lipt\u00e1k, R., Vlkov\u00e1, B., Gardl\u00edk, R., \u010cierny, M., Moya, A., and Celec, P. (2020). Salivary microbiome composition changes after bariatric surgery. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-76991-6"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3089","article-title":"The gut microbiota and obesity: From correlation to causality","volume":"11","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2016.150","article-title":"Role of the gut microbiota in host appetite control: Bacterial growth to animal feeding behaviour","volume":"13","author":"Fetissov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1038\/s41367-019-0011-7","article-title":"Gut microbiota: A new path to treat obesity","volume":"9","author":"Muscogiuri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2011.305","article-title":"Microbiota in the oral subgingival bioflm is associated with obesity in adolescence","volume":"20","author":"Zeigler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hofman, K.L., Hutchinson, D.S., Fowler, J., Smith, D.P., Ajami, N.J., Zhao, H., Scheet, P., Chow, W.-H., Petrosino, J.F., and Daniel, C.R. (2018). Oral microbiota reveals signs of acculturation in Mexican American women. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0194100"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4458","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4458","article-title":"Characterization of the salivary microbiome in people with obesity","volume":"6","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01973-8","article-title":"Meta-analysis of gut microbiome studies identifes disease-specifc and shared responses","volume":"8","author":"Duvallet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuab088","article-title":"Obesity and oral health in Mexican children and adolescents: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"80","author":"Richards","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1080\/00016357.2022.2063942","article-title":"Oral health by obesity classification in young obese women\u2014A cross-sectional study","volume":"80","author":"Taghat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Odontol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmidt, J., Vogel, M., Poulain, T., Kiess, W., Hirsch, C., Ziebolz, D., and Haak, R. (2022). Association of Oral Health Conditions in Adolescents with Social Factors and Obesity. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19052905"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000232281.49432.ce","article-title":"Role of adipokines in the obesity\u2014Inflammation relationship: The effect of fat removal","volume":"118","author":"Esposito","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910708600503","article-title":"Obesity, inflammation, and periodontal disease","volume":"86","author":"Pischon","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1700459","article-title":"Weight and metabolic outcomes 12 years after gastric bypass","volume":"377","author":"Adams","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paganelli, F.L., Luyer, M., Hazelbag, C.M., Uh, H.W., Rogers, M.R.C., Adriaans, D., Berbers, R.-M., Hendrickx, A.P.A., Viveen, M.C., and Groot, J.A. (2019). Roux-Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy directly change gut microbiota composition independent of surgery type. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47332-z"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.07.009","article-title":"Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and vertical banded gastroplasty induce long-term changes on the human gut microbiome contributing to fat mass regulation","volume":"22","author":"Tremaroli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shillitoe, E., Weinstock, R., Kim, T., Simon, H., Planer, J., Noonan, S., and Cooney, R. (2012). The oral microflora in obesity and type-2 diabetes. J. Oral Microbiol., 4.","DOI":"10.3402\/jom.v4i0.19013"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, K.S., Na, H.S., Oh, T.J., Han, H., Kim, J., Hong, J.S., Lee, H.J., Park, Y.S., and Chung, J. (2025). Oral microbiome changes in subjects with obesity following bariatric surgery compared to lean counterparts. Front. Microbiol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1553404"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-015-1741-4","article-title":"Impact of Bariatric Surgery on the Saliva of Patients with Morbid Obesity","volume":"25","author":"Hashizume","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obes. Surg."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12410","article-title":"Periodontal status and pathogenic bacteria after gastric bypass: A cohort study","volume":"42","author":"Yamashita","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4735","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-023-05101-3","article-title":"Bypass gastroplasty impacts oral health, salivary inflammatory biomarkers, and microbiota: A controlled study","volume":"27","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-022-05954-9","article-title":"Changes in the Composition of Oral and Intestinal Microbiota After Sleeve Gastrectomy and Roux-En-Y Gastric Bypass and Their Impact on Outcomes of Bariatric Surgery","volume":"32","author":"Stefura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Obes. Surg."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5157","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-020-05006-0","article-title":"Follow-up Study of Microflora Changes in Crevicular Gingival Fluid in Obese Subjects After Bariatric Surgery","volume":"30","author":"Balogh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obes. Surg."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Damms-Machado, A., Mitra, S., Schollenberger, A.E., Kramer, K.M., Meile, T., K\u00f6nigsrainer, A., Huson, D.H., and Bischoff, S.C. (2015). Effects of surgical and dietary weight loss therapy for obesity on gut microbiota composition and nutrient absorption. Biomed Res. Int.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/806248"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-17-0403","article-title":"Modulation of the gut microbiome: A systematic review of the effect of bariatric surgery","volume":"178","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"22","article-title":"Advanced caries in a patient with a history of bariatric surgery","volume":"82","author":"Hague","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dent. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soard.2020.06.005","article-title":"Hyposalivation is prevalent in bariatric patients but improves after surgery","volume":"16","author":"Schwenger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surg. Obes. Relat. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-024-05551-3","article-title":"The changes on salivary flow rates, buffering capacity and chromogranin A levels in adults after bariatric surgery","volume":"28","author":"Kogawa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.13353","article-title":"Impact of gastroplasty on salivary characteristics, dental health status and oral sensory aspects: A controlled clinical study","volume":"49","author":"Marquezin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e32834bebb3","article-title":"Alveolar bone loss and periodontal status in a bariatric patient: A brief review and case report","volume":"24","author":"Marsicano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-86502011000800015","article-title":"Interfaces between bariatric surgery and oral health: A longitudinal survey","volume":"26","author":"Marsicano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Cir. Bras."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67483-1","article-title":"Obesity","volume":"366","author":"Haslam","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2004.00144.x","article-title":"Obesity as a disease: No lightweight matter","volume":"5","author":"Conway","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0157-3","article-title":"The role of short-chain fatty acids in microbiota\u2013gut\u2013brain communication","volume":"16","author":"Dalile","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-124X.70827","article-title":"Obesity and periodontal disease","volume":"14","author":"Jagannathachary","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Indian. Soc. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kww187","article-title":"Diet-Induced Overweight and Obesity and Periodontitis Risk: An Application of the Parametric G-Formula in the 1982 Pelotas Birth Cohort","volume":"185","author":"Nascimento","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12421","article-title":"Association between overweight\/obesity and increased risk of periodontitis","volume":"42","author":"Suvan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"602","article-title":"Influence of Bariatric Surgery on Oral Microbiota: A Systematic Review","volume":"3","author":"Adawi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-775720150534","article-title":"Frequency of periodontal pathogens and Helicobacter pylori in the mouths and stomachs of obese individuals submitted to bariatric surgery: A cross-sectional study","volume":"24","author":"Pataro","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1159\/000510196","article-title":"The Impact of the pH Value on Biofilm Formation","volume":"29","author":"Schultze","year":"2021","journal-title":"Monogr. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345900690060801","article-title":"Effect of pH on the growth and proteolytic activity of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Bacteroides intermedius","volume":"69","author":"Takahashi","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-302X.1997.tb00387.x","article-title":"Environmental effects on the growth and proteolysis of Treponema denticola ATCC 33520","volume":"12","author":"Mikx","year":"1997","journal-title":"Oral Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soard.2018.07.017","article-title":"Bariatric surgery and periodontal status: A systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Fontanille","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surg. Obes. Relat. Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janus, M.M., Crielaard, W., Volgenant, C.M.C., Van Der Veen, M.H., Brandt, B.W., and Krom, B.P. (2017). Candida albicans alters the bacterial microbiome of early in vitro oral biofilms. J. Oral Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.1080\/20002297.2016.1270613"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"211","article-title":"Predisposing factors endorsing Candida infections","volume":"23","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infez. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-302X.2004.00197.x","article-title":"Antimicrobial actions of benzimidazoles against oral streptococci","volume":"20","author":"Nguyen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oral Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-86502014000300010","article-title":"Antibiotic prophylaxis in obese patients submitted to bariatric surgery. A systematic review","volume":"29","author":"Fischer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Cir. Bras."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-010-0105-3","article-title":"Surgical site infections following bariatric surgery in community hospitals: A weighty concern?","volume":"21","author":"Freeman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obes. Surg."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nalluri, H., Kizy, S., Ewing, K., Luthra, G., Leslie, D.B., Bernlohr, D.A., Sadowsky, M.J., Ikramuddin, S., Khoruts, A., and Staley, C. (2020). Peri-operative antibiotics acutely and significantly impact intestinal microbiota following bariatric surgery. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-77285-7"}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/14\/7\/695\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:07:47Z","timestamp":1760033267000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/14\/7\/695"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics14070695"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics14070695","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]}}}