{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T18:38:08Z","timestamp":1792175888013,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Laboratorios Menarini S.A."},{"name":"Germans Trias i Pujol Institute"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: This study aimed to (a) assess the prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Enterobacteriaceae in the waters of two rivers and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in a region of Catalonia, Spain; (b) genetically characterize the MDR strains; and (c) compare extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli isolates from environmental and human sources. Methods: A total of 62 samples were collected from the influent and effluent of 31 WWTPs and 29 river water samples from 11 sites. Simultaneously, 382 hospitalized patients were screened for MDR Enterobacteriaceae using rectal swabs. All isolates underwent antibiotic susceptibility testing and whole-genome sequencing. Results: MDR Enterobacteriaceae were detected in 48.4% of WWTP samples, with 18.5% ESBL-producing E. coli and 1.5% (one sample) OXA-48-producing K. pneumoniae in influents, and 12.8% ESBL-producing E. coli in effluents. In river waters, 5.6% of samples contained ESBL-producing E. coli and 1.4% (1 sample) contained VIM-producing Enterobacter cloacae complex strains. Among patients, 10.2% (39\/382) carried MDR Gram-negative bacilli, of which 66.7% were ESBL-producing E. coli. In aquatic ecosystems E. coli ST131 (13.3%) and ST162 (13.3%) were the most common strains, while in humans the common were E. coli ST131 (33.3%), ST69 (11.1%) and ST410 (7.4%) in humans. The most frequent environmental antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) were blaCTX-M-15 (24%) and blaTEM-1B (20%), while the most common ARGs were blaTEM-1B (20.4%), blaCTX-M15 (18.4%) and blaCTX-M-27 (14.3%). IncF plasmids were predominant in environmental and human strains. Conclusions: ESBL-producing E. coli and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae are present in aquatic environments in the region. Phylogenetic similarities between environmental and clinical strains suggest a possible similar origin. Further studies are necessary to clarify transmission routes and environmental impact.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14080753","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T14:40:02Z","timestamp":1753454402000},"page":"753","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Environmental Dispersion of Multiresistant Enterobacteriaceae in Aquatic Ecosystems in an Area of Spain with a High Density of Pig Farming"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4011-5211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"D\u00edez de los R\u00edos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Multidisciplinary Inflammation Research Group, Hospital Universitari de Vic, 08500 Vic, Spain"},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3 Lluita Contra les Infeccions, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain"},{"name":"Escola de Doctorat, Universitat de Vic\u2013Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVIC\u2013UCC), 08500 Vic, Spain"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Vic\u2013Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVIC\u2013UCC), 08500 Vic, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0376-5036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noem\u00ed","family":"P\u00e1rraga-Ni\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Environmental Infectious Diseases Study Group, Fundaci\u00f3 Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Department, Multidisciplinary Inflammation Research Group, Hospital Universitari de Vic, 08500 Vic, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4798-2385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judit","family":"Serra-Pladevall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Department, Multidisciplinary Inflammation Research Group, Hospital Universitari de Vic, 08500 Vic, Spain"},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3 Institut de Recerca i Innovaci\u00f3 en Ci\u00e8ncies de la Vida i de la Salut de la Catalunya Central, 08500 Vic, Spain"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat de Vic\u2013Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVIC\u2013UCC), 08500 Vic, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Vilamala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Department, Multidisciplinary Inflammation Research Group, Hospital Universitari de Vic, 08500 Vic, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7468-6979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisenda","family":"Arqu\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Environmental Infectious Diseases Study Group, Fundaci\u00f3 Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2012-0283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Bald\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Multidisciplinary Inflammation Research Group, Hospital Universitari de Vic, 08500 Vic, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamar Nerea","family":"Blanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Multidisciplinary Inflammation Research Group, Hospital Universitari de Vic, 08500 Vic, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7252-3191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luisa","family":"Pedro-Botet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3 Lluita Contra les Infeccions, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9946-1856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00d3scar","family":"Mascar\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Multidisciplinary Inflammation Research Group, Hospital Universitari de Vic, 08500 Vic, Spain"},{"name":"Escola de Doctorat, Universitat de Vic\u2013Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVIC\u2013UCC), 08500 Vic, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4069-6087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esteban","family":"Reynaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3 Lluita Contra les Infeccions, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-017-3112-7","article-title":"OXA-48-like carbapenemases producing Enterobacteriaceae in different niches","volume":"37","author":"Mairi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. 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