{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T01:54:51Z","timestamp":1785894891740,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022YFD1800400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFD1800400"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["32072921"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32072921"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022YFD1800400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFD1800400"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32072921"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32072921"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Salmonella infections pose a serious threat to both animal and human health worldwide. Notably, there is an increasing trend in the resistance of Salmonella to fluoroquinolones, the first-line drugs for clinical treatment. Methods: Utilizing Salmonella Typhimurium CICC 10420 as the test strain, ciprofloxacin was used for in vitro induction to develop the drug-resistant strain H1. Changes in the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of various antimicrobial agents were determined using the broth microdilution method. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses were conducted to investigate alterations in gene and metabolite expression. A combined drug susceptibility test was performed to evaluate the potential of exogenous metabolites to restore antibiotic susceptibility. Results: The MICs of strain H1 for ofloxacin and enrofloxacin increased by 128- and 256-fold, respectively, and the strain also exhibited resistance to ceftriaxone, ampicillin, and tetracycline. A single-point mutation of Glu469Asp in the GyrB was detected in strain H1. Integrated multi-omics analysis showed significant differences in gene and metabolite expression across multiple pathways, including two-component systems, ABC transporters, pentose phosphate pathway, purine metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, pantothenate and coenzyme A biosynthesis, pyrimidine metabolism, arginine and proline biosynthesis, and glutathione metabolism. Notably, the addition of exogenous glutamine, in combination with tetracycline, significantly reduced the resistance of strain H1 to tetracycline. Conclusion: Ciprofloxacin-induced Salmonella resistance involves both target site mutations and extensive reprogramming of the metabolic network. Exogenous metabolite supplementation presents a promising strategy for reversing resistance and enhancing antibiotic efficacy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14080767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T16:16:10Z","timestamp":1753805770000},"page":"767","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Resistance Response and Regulatory Mechanisms of Ciprofloxacin-Induced Resistant Salmonella Typhimurium Based on Comprehensive Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Xiaohan","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinhua","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lulu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Haris Raza","family":"Farhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengyao","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiapeng","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bangjuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guyue","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2019.504-521","article-title":"A review of Salmonella enterica with particular focus on the pathogenicity and virulence factors, host specificity and antimicrobial resistance including multidrug resistance","volume":"12","author":"Jajere","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2018.2557","article-title":"Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis Infections in Sporadic Diarrhea in Children: Source Tracing and Resistance to Third-Generation Cephalosporins and Ciprofloxacin","volume":"16","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nazir, J., Manzoor, T., Saleem, A., Gani, U., Bhat, S.S., Khan, S., Haq, Z., Jha, P., and Ahmad, S.M. (2025). Combatting Salmonella: A focus on antimicrobial resistance and the need for effective vaccination. BMC Infect. Dis., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-025-10478-5"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruvalcaba-G\u00f3mez, J.M., Villagr\u00e1n, Z., Valdez-Alarc\u00f3n, J.J., Mart\u00ednez-N\u00fa\u00f1ez, M., Gomez-God\u00ednez, L.J., Ruesga-Guti\u00e9rrez, E., Anaya-Esparza, L.M., Arteaga-Garibay, R.I., and Villarruel-L\u00f3pez, A. (2022). Non-Antibiotics Strategies to Control Salmonella Infection in Poultry. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12010102"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, N., Li, Y., Zhao, J., Ma, H., Wang, J., Liang, B., Du, X., Wu, F., Xia, S., and Yang, X. (2020). The phenotypic and molecular characteristics of antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium in Henan Province, China. BMC Infect. Dis., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05203-3"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30753-3","article-title":"Discovery, research, and development of new antibiotics: The WHO priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and tuberculosis","volume":"18","author":"Tacconelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruiz, J. (2019). Transferable Mechanisms of Quinolone Resistance from 1998 Onward. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 32.","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00007-19"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"An, R., Alshalchi, S., Breimhurst, P., Munoz-Aguayo, J., Flores-Figueroa, C., Vidovic, S., and Zhou, Z. (2017). Strong influence of livestock environments on the emergence and dissemination of distinct multidrug-resistant phenotypes among the population of non-typhoidal Salmonella. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179005"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaheen, A., Tariq, A., Iqbal, M., Mirza, O., Haque, A., Walz, T., and Rahman, M. (2021). Mutational Diversity in the Quinolone Resistance-Determining Regions of Type-II Topoisomerases of Salmonella Serovars. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10121455"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1080\/17460441.2019.1588880","article-title":"Omics of antimicrobials and antimicrobial resistance","volume":"14","author":"Chernov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, H., Zhou, Y., Luo, Q., Zhu, C., and Fang, B. (2023). L-leucine increases the sensitivity of drug-resistant Salmonella to sarafloxacin by stimulating central carbon metabolism and increasing intracellular reactive oxygen species level. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1186841"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Y., Yong, Y., Zhu, C., Yang, H., and Fang, B. (2022). Exogenous D-ribose promotes gentamicin treatment of several drug-resistant Salmonella. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1053330"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2018). Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (Standard No. CLSI,2018)."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yao, W., Xu, G., Bai, B., Wang, H., Deng, M., Zheng, J., Li, D., Deng, X., Liu, X., and Lin, Z. (2018). In vitro-induced erythromycin resistance facilitates cross-resistance to the novel fluoroketolide, solithromycin, in Staphylococcus aureus. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 365.","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fny116"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12140","article-title":"The return of metabolism: Biochemistry and physiology of the pentose phosphate pathway","volume":"90","author":"Stincone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2011.12.003","article-title":"Mechanisms of Resistance and Clinical Relevance of Resistance to \u03b2-Lactams, Glycopeptides, and Fluoroquinolones","volume":"87","author":"Rice","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sp\u00f6ring, I., Felgner, S., Preu\u00dfe, M., Eckweiler, D., Rohde, M., H\u00e4ussler, S., Weiss, S., Erhardt, M., Gunn, J.S., and Kaufmann, S.H.E. (2018). Regulation of Flagellum Biosynthesis in Response to Cell Envelope Stress in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium. mBio, 9.","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00736-17"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, X., Li, H., Qi, X., Chen, Y., Qin, Y., Zheng, J., and Jiang, X. (2021). cheA, cheB, cheR, cheV, and cheY Are Involved in Regulating the Adhesion of Vibrio harveyi. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.591751"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eesp00112023","DOI":"10.1128\/ecosalplus.esp-0011-2023","article-title":"Structure, Assembly, and Function of Flagella Responsible for Bacterial Locomotion","volume":"11","author":"Minamino","year":"2023","journal-title":"EcoSal Plus"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01581-12","article-title":"Quantitative Contributions of Target Alteration and Decreased Drug Accumulation to Pseudomonas aeruginosa Fluoroquinolone Resistance","volume":"57","author":"Bruchmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuv049","article-title":"Bacterial ferrous iron transport: The Feo system","volume":"40","author":"Lau","year":"2016","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-022-00547-2","article-title":"Glutamine mitigates antimicrobial resistance","volume":"18","author":"Allison","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1","article-title":"Methionine-driven methylation modification overcomes plasmid-mediated high-level tigecycline resistance","volume":"16","author":"Fang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1","article-title":"Amino acid metabolism in health and disease","volume":"8","author":"Ling","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2014.06.005","article-title":"The pentose phosphate pathway and cancer","volume":"39","author":"Patra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30242","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-76212-4","article-title":"Combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis revealed the antimicrobial mechanism of Griseorhodin C against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"14","author":"Liao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0018","DOI":"10.1199\/tab.0018","article-title":"Purine and Pyrimidine Nucleotide Synthesis and Metabolism","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Moffatt","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Arabidopsis Book"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.06.009","article-title":"Bacterial Metabolism and Antibiotic Efficacy","volume":"30","author":"Stokes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb.1892","article-title":"Structural basis of quinolone inhibition of type IIA topoisomerases and target-mediated resistance","volume":"17","author":"Wohlkonig","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2005.02.006","article-title":"Mechanisms of quinolone resistance in Escherichia coli and Salmonella: Recent developments","volume":"25","author":"Hopkins","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dki254","article-title":"Mechanisms of resistance to fluoroquinolones and carbapenems in Pseudomonas putida","volume":"56","author":"Horii","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1159\/000085612","article-title":"Characterization of Fluoroquinolone and Carbapenem Susceptibilities in Clinical Isolates of Levofloxacin-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"51","author":"Muramatsu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chemotherapy"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Honda, H., Sato, T., Shinagawa, M., Fukushima, Y., Nakajima, C., Suzuki, Y., Kuronuma, K., Takahashi, S., Takahashi, H., and Yokota, S.-I. (2020). In Vitro Derivation of Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Mutants from Multiple Lineages of Haemophilus influenzae and Identification of Mutations Associated with Fluoroquinolone Resistance. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 64.","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01500-19"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, E., Liu, S., and Hancock, R.E.W. (2018). Surfing Motility: A Conserved yet Diverse Adaptation among Motile Bacteria. J. Bacteriol., 200.","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00394-18"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Westerman, T.L., McClelland, M., Elfenbein, J.R., Tukel, C., and Hiller, N.L. (2021). YeiE Regulates Motility and Gut Colonization in Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium. mBio, 12.","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.03680-20"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uru\u00e9n, C., Chopo-Escuin, G., Tommassen, J., Mainar-Jaime, R.C., and Arenas, J. (2020). Biofilms as Promoters of Bacterial Antibiotic Resistance and Tolerance. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10010003"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nie, D., Hu, Y., Chen, Z., Li, M., Hou, Z., Luo, X., Mao, X., and Xue, X. (2020). Outer membrane protein A (OmpA) as a potential therapeutic target for Acinetobacter baumannii infection. J. Biomed. Sci., 27.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-020-0617-7"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00820-y","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance revisited","volume":"21","author":"Darby","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2017.10.005","article-title":"Regulation of the AcrAB-TolC efflux pump in Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"169","author":"Weston","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.185.6.1851-1856.2003","article-title":"Comprehensive Studies of Drug Resistance Mediated by Overexpression of Response Regulators of Two-Component Signal Transduction Systems in Escherichia coli","volume":"185","author":"Hirakawa","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1021\/acschembio.5b01041","article-title":"Thymidylate Limitation Potentiates Cephalosporin Activity toward Enterococci via an Exopolysaccharide-Based Mechanism","volume":"11","author":"Hoff","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867326666191007163654","article-title":"Targeting Bacterial Antioxidant Systems for Antibiotics Development","volume":"27","author":"Ren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13623","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-70675-x","article-title":"Arginine as an environmental and metabolic cue for cyclic diguanylate signalling and biofilm formation in Pseudomonas putida","volume":"10","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mattiello, S.P., Barth, V.C., Scaria, J., Ferreira, C.A.S., and Oliveira, S.D. (2023). Fluoroquinolone and beta-lactam antimicrobials induce different transcriptome profiles in Salmonella enterica persister cells. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-46142-8"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, G., Li, J., and Sun, Z. (2023). The Combination of Antibiotic and Non-Antibiotic Compounds Improves Antibiotic Efficacy against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242015493"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, J., Wu, Z., Zhu, C., Yang, H., Zhao, F., and Fang, B. (2025). Exogenous cystine increases susceptibility of drug-resistant Salmonella to gentamicin by promoting oxidation of glutathione metabolism and imbalance of intracellular redox levels. Front. Microbiol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1527480"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, C., Zhou, Y., Kang, J., Yang, H., Lin, J., and Fang, B. (2023). Alkaline arginine promotes the gentamicin-mediated killing of drug-resistant Salmonella by increasing NADH concentration and proton motive force. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1237825"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12894","article-title":"GC-MS-based metabolomics analysis reveals L-aspartate enhances the antibiotic sensitivity of neomycin sulfate-resistant Aeromonas hydrophila","volume":"41","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y.-T., Ma, Y.-M., Peng, X.-X., and Li, H. (2022). Glutamine potentiates gentamicin to kill lab-evolved gentamicin-resistant and clinically isolated multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1071278"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, L., Pan, Z., Zhong, Y., Guo, J., Liao, X., Pang, R., Xu, Q., Ye, G., Su, Y., and Kumar, A. (2023). L-glutamine sensitizes Gram-positive-resistant bacteria to gentamicin killing. Microbiol. Spectr., 11.","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01619-23"}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/14\/8\/767\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:18:29Z","timestamp":1760033909000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/14\/8\/767"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics14080767"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics14080767","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]]}}}