{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:36:07Z","timestamp":1760060167552,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754092800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: In recent years, the discharge of antibiotics into rivers and irrigation canals has increased. However, few studies have addressed the impact of these compounds on agricultural fields that use such water to meet crop demands. Methods: In this study, the transport of two types of gentamicin (pure gentamicin and gentamicin sulfate) was modeled at concentrations of 150 and 300 \u03bcL\/L, respectively, in a soil with more than 60 years of agricultural use. Infiltration tests under constant head conditions and gentamicin transport experiments were conducted in acrylic columns measuring 14 cm in length and 12.7 cm in diameter. The scaling parameters for the Richards equation were obtained from experimental data, while those for the advection\u2013dispersion equation were estimated using inverse methods through a nonlinear optimization algorithm. In addition, a fractal-based model for saturated hydraulic conductivity was employed. Results: It was found that the dispersivity of gentamicin sulfate is 3.1 times higher than that of pure gentamicin. Based on the estimated parameters, two simulation scenarios were conducted: continuous application of gentamicin and soil flushing after antibiotic discharge. The results show that the transport velocity of gentamicin sulfate in the soil may have short-term consequences for the emergence of resistant microorganisms due to the destination of wastewater containing antibiotic residues. Conclusions: Finally, further research is needed to evaluate the impact of antibiotics on soil physical properties, as well as their effects on irrigated crops, animals that consume such water, and the soil microbiota.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14080786","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T10:13:51Z","timestamp":1754475231000},"page":"786","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Numerical Modeling of Gentamicin Transport in Agricultural Soils: Implications for Environmental Pollution"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Nami","family":"Morales-Dur\u00e1n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Sciences Faculty, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, San Nicolas de los Garza 66451, Mexico"},{"name":"Research Center for Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Chemical Sciences Faculty, Research and Technological Innovation Park, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Apodaca 66629, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8425-4942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebasti\u00e1n","family":"Fuentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Research Center, Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Cerro de las Campanas SN, Col. Las Campanas, Santiago de Quer\u00e9taro 76010, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Garc\u00eda-Gallego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Research Center, Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Cerro de las Campanas SN, Col. Las Campanas, Santiago de Quer\u00e9taro 76010, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7519-209X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Trevi\u00f1o-Res\u00e9ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Qu\u00edmica para la Econom\u00eda Circular\u2014CIQEC, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro, Cerro de las Campanas SN, Col. Las Campanas, Santiago de Quer\u00e9taro 76010, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Josu\u00e9 D.","family":"Garc\u00eda-Espinoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Qu\u00edmica para la Econom\u00eda Circular\u2014CIQEC, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro, Cerro de las Campanas SN, Col. Las Campanas, Santiago de Quer\u00e9taro 76010, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7009-686X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rub\u00e9n","family":"Morones-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Sciences Faculty, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, San Nicolas de los Garza 66451, Mexico"},{"name":"Research Center for Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Chemical Sciences Faculty, Research and Technological Innovation Park, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Apodaca 66629, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8108-2815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Ch\u00e1vez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Research Center, Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Cerro de las Campanas SN, Col. Las Campanas, Santiago de Quer\u00e9taro 76010, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5649","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1503141112","article-title":"Global Trends in Antimicrobial Use in Food Animals","volume":"112","author":"Brower","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gsd.2017.12.009","article-title":"Occurrence and Fate of Emerging Contaminants in Water Environment: A Review","volume":"6","author":"Gogoi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Groundw. Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2010.04.009","article-title":"Antibiotic Fate and Transport in Three Effluent-Dominated Ozark Streams","volume":"36","author":"Massey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecol. 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