{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T16:33:38Z","timestamp":1790094818731,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754092800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ph.D. student Ro\u0219u R\u0103zvan\u2019s doctoral grant","award":["CNFIS-FDI-2025-F-0571"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNFIS-FDI-2025-F-0571"]}]},{"name":"University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d from Timisoara, Romania","award":["CNFIS-FDI-2025-F-0571"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNFIS-FDI-2025-F-0571"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen of concern in raw milk due to its potential to cause foodborne illness and its increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR). In Romania, data on the occurrence and resistance patterns of S. aureus in raw sheep milk from traditional farming systems remain limited. This study investigated the presence and antimicrobial resistance of S. aureus in 106 raw sheep milk samples collected from traditional farms in the Banat region of western Romania. Methods: Coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS) were enumerated using ISO 6888-1:2021 protocols. Isolates were identified at the species level using the Vitek 2 system and molecularly confirmed via PCR targeting the 16S rDNA and nuc genes. Methicillin resistance was assessed by detecting the mecA gene. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using the Vitek 2 AST-GP79 card. Results: CPS were detected in 69 samples, with S. aureus confirmed in 34.9%. The mecA gene was identified in 13.5% of S. aureus isolates, indicating the presence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Resistance to at least two antimicrobials was observed in 97.3% of isolates, and 33 strains (89.2%) met the criteria for multidrug resistance (MDR). The most frequent MDR phenotype involved resistance to lincomycin, macrolides, \u03b2-lactams, tetracyclines, and aminoglycosides. Conclusions: The high prevalence of S. aureus, including MRSA and MDR strains, in raw sheep milk from traditional farms represents a potential public health risk, particularly in regions where unpasteurized dairy consumption persists. These findings underscore the need for enhanced hygiene practices, prudent antimicrobial use, and AMR monitoring in small-scale dairy systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14080787","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T10:13:51Z","timestamp":1754475231000},"page":"787","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Raw Sheep Milk as a Reservoir of Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Evidence from Traditional Farming Systems in Romania"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"R\u0103zvan-Drago\u0219","family":"Ro\u0219u","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Production and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4701-4229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana","family":"Morar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Production and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8740-9524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Ban-Cucerzan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Production and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3004-463X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirela","family":"Imre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Production and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1684-7324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian Alexandru","family":"Popa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Production and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1197-2395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R\u0103zvan-Tudor","family":"P\u0103tr\u00eenjan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Production and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Pocinoc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Production and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6057-882X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K\u00e1lm\u00e1n","family":"Imre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Production and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flis, Z., and Molik, E. 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