{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T23:02:33Z","timestamp":1789513353322,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82020108032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82020108032"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202101070007-E00094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202101070007-E00094"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission","award":["82020108032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82020108032"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission","award":["202101070007-E00094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202101070007-E00094"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The diminished efficacy of azoles in treating fungal infections is attributed to the emergence of resistance among pathogenic fungi. Employing a synergistic approach with other compounds to enhance the antifungal activity of azoles has shown promise, yet the availability of clinically valuable adjuvants for azoles and allylamines remains limited. Studies have demonstrated that the human host environment provides multiple carbon sources, which can influence the susceptibility of C. albicans to antifungal agents. Therefore, a comprehensive investigation into the mechanisms by which carbon sources modulate the susceptibility of C. albicans to azoles may uncover a novel pathway for enhancing the antifungal efficacy of azoles. Methods: This study explored the impact of various carbon sources on the antifungal efficacy of azoles through methodologies including minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assessments, super-MIC growth (SMG) assays, disk diffusion tests, and spot assays. Additionally, the mechanism by which galactose augments the antifungal activity of azoles was investigated using a range of experimental approaches, such as gene knockout and overexpression techniques, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), Western blot analysis, and cycloheximide (CHX) chase experiments. Results: This study observed that galactose enhances the efficacy of azoles against C. albicans by inhibiting the translation of Erg1. This results in the suppression of Erg1 protein levels and subsequent inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis in C. albicans. Conclusions: In C. albicans, the translation of Erg1 is inhibited when galactose is utilized as a carbon source instead of glucose. This novel discovery of galactose\u2019s inhibitory effect on Erg1 translation is expected to enhance the antifungal efficacy of azoles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14080799","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T10:13:51Z","timestamp":1754475231000},"page":"799","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Galactose Inhibits the Translation of Erg1 that Enhances the Antifungal Activities of Azoles Against Candida albicans"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Sijin","family":"Hang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People\u2019s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200331, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People\u2019s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200331, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People\u2019s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200331, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuqing","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People\u2019s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200331, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People\u2019s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200331, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanqian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People\u2019s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200331, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanying","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People\u2019s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200331, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interaction, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200331, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8422-0427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People\u2019s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200331, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interaction, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200331, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2023.114960","article-title":"Candidiasis: From cutaneous to systemic, new perspectives of potential targets and therapeutic strategies","volume":"199","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e428","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00692-8","article-title":"Global incidence and mortality of severe fungal disease","volume":"24","author":"Denning","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"346","article-title":"Ergosterol Turnover in Yeast: An Interplay between Biosynthesis and Transport","volume":"84","author":"Sokolov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shafiei, M., Peyton, L., Hashemzadeh, M., and Foroumadi, A. (2020). History of the development of antifungal azoles: A review on structures, SAR, and mechanism of action. Bioorg. Chem., 104.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2020.104240"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monk, B.C., Sagatova, A.A., Hosseini, P., Ruma, Y.N., Wilson, R.K., and Keniya, M.V. (2020). Fungal Lanosterol 14alpha-demethylase: A target for next-generation antifungal design. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Proteins Proteom., 1868.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbapap.2019.02.008"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2023.10.019","article-title":"Understanding fluconazole tolerance in Candida albicans: Implications for effective treatment of candidiasis and combating invasive fungal infections","volume":"35","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3390","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.0c00199","article-title":"Antifungal Drug Resistance: Molecular Mechanisms in Candida albicans and Beyond","volume":"121","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.4c00657","article-title":"Mechanisms of Azole Potentiation: Insights from Drug Repurposing Approaches","volume":"11","author":"Xiong","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myaa080","article-title":"The assimilation of different carbon sources in Candida albicans: Fitness and pathogenicity","volume":"59","author":"Lok","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Ende, M., Wijnants, S., and Van Dijck, P. (2019). Sugar Sensing and Signaling in Candida albicans and Candida glabrata. Front. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00099"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Segal, E.S., Gritsenko, V., Levitan, A., Yadav, B., Dror, N., Steenwyk, J.L., Silberberg, Y., Mielich, K., Rokas, A., and Gow, N.A.R. (2018). Gene Essentiality Analyzed by In Vivo Transposon Mutagenesis and Machine Learning in a Stable Haploid Isolate of Candida albicans. mBio, 9.","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02048-18"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, L., Lu, H., Zhang, X., Whiteway, M., Wu, H., Tan, S., Zang, J., Tian, S., Zhen, C., and Meng, X. (2022). Baicalein Acts against Candida albicans by Targeting Eno1 and Inhibiting Glycolysis. Microbiol. Spectr., 10.","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02085-22"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s11373-005-9054-6","article-title":"Mutations on CaENO1 in Candida albicans inhibit cell growth in the presence of glucose","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-013-2577-z","article-title":"Candida albicans ENO1 null mutants exhibit altered drug susceptibility, hyphal formation, and virulence","volume":"51","author":"Ko","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wijnants, S., Riedelberger, M., Penninger, P., Kuchler, K., and Van Dijck, P. (2020). Sugar Phosphorylation Controls Carbon Source Utilization and Virulence of Candida albicans. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01274"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4845","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e09-01-0002","article-title":"Glucose promotes stress resistance in the fungal pathogen Candida albicans","volume":"20","author":"Rodaki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25468","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C114.571778","article-title":"Glucose directly promotes antifungal resistance in the fungal pathogen, Candida spp","volume":"289","author":"Mandal","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2017.1392514","article-title":"The carboxylic acid transporters Jen1 and Jen2 affect the architecture and fluconazole susceptibility of Candida albicans biofilm in the presence of lactate","volume":"33","author":"Alves","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2012.01813.x","article-title":"Host carbon sources modulate cell wall architecture, drug resistance and virulence in a fungal pathogen","volume":"14","author":"Ene","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suchodolski, J., Muraszko, J., Bernat, P., and Krasowska, A. (2021). Lactate Like Fluconazole Reduces Ergosterol Content in the Plasma Membrane and Synergistically Kills Candida albicans. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22105219"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suchodolski, J., and Krasowska, A. (2021). Fructose Induces Fluconazole Resistance in Candida albicans through Activation of Mdr1 and Cdr1 Transporters. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22042127"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.13183","article-title":"Opportunistic invasive fungal disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus from Southern China: Clinical features and associated factors","volume":"11","author":"Lao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Investig."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Leon, E.M., Jacober, S.J., Sobel, J.D., and Foxman, B. (2002). Prevalence and risk factors for vaginal Candida colonization in women with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. BMC Infect. Dis., 2.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-2-1"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2018.294","article-title":"The burden of Diabetes, Its Oral Complications and Their Prevention and Management","volume":"6","author":"Nazir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Access Maced. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1590\/S0365-05962013000200006","article-title":"Oral Candida spp carriers: Its prevalence in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"88","author":"Martinez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bras. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong, J., Lu, H., and Jiang, Y. (2024). A Causal Relationship between Type 2 Diabetes and Candidiasis through Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Analysis. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12101984"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202201612","DOI":"10.26508\/lsa.202201612","article-title":"Lipid saturation induces degradation of squalene epoxidase for sterol homeostasis and cell survival","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life Sci. Alliance"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2016.07.003","article-title":"Chopping and Changing: The Evolution of the Flavin-dependent Monooxygenases","volume":"428","author":"Mascotti","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1042\/BST0331219","article-title":"Membrane raft lipid constituents affect drug susceptibilities of Candida albicans","volume":"33","author":"Pasrija","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.5.4.638-649.2006","article-title":"Conserved fungal genes as potential targets for broad-spectrum antifungal drug discovery","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, D., Jiang, B., Ketela, T., Lemieux, S., Veillette, K., Martel, N., Davison, J., Sillaots, S., Trosok, S., and Bachewich, C. (2007). Genome-wide fitness test and mechanism-of-action studies of inhibitory compounds in Candida albicans. PLoS Pathog., 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030092"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2483","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.7.2483-2489.2004","article-title":"Candida glabrata erg1 mutant with increased sensitivity to azoles and to low oxygen tension","volume":"48","author":"Tsai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1038\/s41589-022-01117-0","article-title":"Structural basis for activation of fungal sterol receptor Upc2 and azole resistance","volume":"18","author":"Tan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6129","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7129","article-title":"Structural mechanism of ergosterol regulation by fungal sterol transcription factor Upc2","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00221-13","article-title":"UPC2 is universally essential for azole antifungal resistance in Candida albicans","volume":"13","author":"Vasicek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.5.1745-1752.2005","article-title":"Candida albicans zinc cluster protein Upc2p confers resistance to antifungal drugs and is an activator of ergosterol biosynthetic genes","volume":"49","author":"MacPherson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, H., Li, W., Whiteway, M., Wang, H., Zhu, S., Ji, Z., Feng, Y., Yan, L., Fang, T., and Li, L. (2023). A Small Molecule Inhibitor of Erg251 Makes Fluconazole Fungicidal by Inhibiting the Synthesis of the 14alpha-Methylsterols. mBio, 14.","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02639-22"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2406473","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202406473","article-title":"Otilonium Bromide Exhibits Potent Antifungal Effects by Blocking Ergosterol Plasma Membrane Localization and Triggering Cytotoxic Autophagy in Candida Albicans","volume":"11","author":"Zhen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00953","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.00953","article-title":"Sterol homeostasis requires regulated degradation of squalene monooxygenase by the ubiquitin ligase Doa10\/Teb4","volume":"2","author":"Foresti","year":"2013","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1080\/09546634.2019.1612835","article-title":"Evaluation of efficacy and safety of oral terbinafine and itraconazole combination therapy in the management of dermatophytosis","volume":"31","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Treat."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassaan, Z., Mohamed, H.A.K., Eldahshan, R.M., and Elsaie, M.L. (2023). Comparison between the efficacy of terbinafine and itraconazole orally vs. the combination of the two drugs in treating recalcitrant dermatophytosis. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-46361-z"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2470","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04926-x","article-title":"Antifungal tolerance is a subpopulation effect distinct from resistance and is associated with persistent candidemia","volume":"9","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akinosoglou, K., Rigopoulos, E.A., Papageorgiou, D., Schinas, G., Polyzou, E., Dimopoulou, E., Gogos, C., and Dimopoulos, G. (2024). Amphotericin B in the Era of New Antifungals: Where Will It Stand?. J. Fungi, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof10040278"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1080\/14756366.2022.2050224","article-title":"Echinocandins\u2014Structure, mechanism of action and use in antifungal therapy","volume":"37","author":"Szymanski","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Enzym. Inhib. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"20499361231161387","article-title":"Flucytosine and its clinical usage","volume":"10","author":"Sigera","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-011-1154-6","article-title":"Adaptive stress response to menadione-induced oxidative stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae KNU5377","volume":"49","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Meara, T.R., O\u2019Meara, M.J., Polvi, E.J., Pourhaghighi, M.R., Liston, S.D., Lin, Z.Y., Veri, A.O., Emili, A., Gingras, A.C., and Cowen, L.E. (2019). Global proteomic analyses define an environmentally contingent Hsp90 interactome and reveal chaperone-dependent regulation of stress granule proteins and the R2TP complex in a fungal pathogen. PLoS Biol., 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000358"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s00294-016-0614-2","article-title":"Hsp90 mediates the crosstalk between galactose metabolism and cell morphology pathways in yeast","volume":"63","author":"Gopinath","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Genet."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.20020","article-title":"Under cover: Causes, effects and implications of Hsp90-mediated genetic capacitance","volume":"26","author":"Sangster","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2017.12.008","article-title":"Evolutionary Transition of GAL Regulatory Circuit from Generalist to Specialist Function in Ascomycetes","volume":"26","author":"Choudhury","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2024.122699","article-title":"Geldanamycin confers fungicidal properties to azole by triggering the activation of succinate dehydrogenase","volume":"348","author":"Xiong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cowen, L.E. (2009). Hsp90 orchestrates stress response signaling governing fungal drug resistance. PLoS Pathog., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000471"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, S.D., Robbins, N., Zaas, A.K., Schell, W.A., Perfect, J.R., and Cowen, L.E. (2009). Hsp90 governs echinocandin resistance in the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans via calcineurin. PLoS Pathog., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000532"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LaFayette, S.L., Collins, C., Zaas, A.K., Schell, W.A., Betancourt-Quiroz, M., Gunatilaka, A.A., Perfect, J.R., and Cowen, L.E. (2010). PKC signaling regulates drug resistance of the fungal pathogen Candida albicans via circuitry comprised of Mkc1, calcineurin, and Hsp90. PLoS Pathog., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001069"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3626","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11518-w","article-title":"The Hsp90 isoforms from S. cerevisiae differ in structure, function and client range","volume":"10","author":"Girstmair","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robbins, N., Uppuluri, P., Nett, J., Rajendran, R., Ramage, G., Lopez-Ribot, J.L., Andes, D., and Cowen, L.E. (2011). Hsp90 governs dispersion and drug resistance of fungal biofilms. PLoS Pathog., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002257"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Ji, Z., Feng, Y., Yan, T., Cao, Y., Lu, H., and Jiang, Y. (2022). Myriocin enhances the antifungal activity of fluconazole by blocking the membrane localization of the efflux pump Cdr1. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1101553"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.3.1213-1215.2005","article-title":"Efg1 involved in drug resistance by regulating the expression of ERG3 in Candida albicans","volume":"49","author":"Lo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00074-09","article-title":"Role of Ndt80p in sterol metabolism regulation and azole resistance in Candida albicans","volume":"8","author":"Sellam","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7239","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab378","article-title":"A comprehensive review of m6A\/m6Am RNA methyltransferase structures","volume":"49","author":"Oerum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e91","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw104","article-title":"SRAMP: Prediction of mammalian N6-methyladenosine (m6A) sites based on sequence-derived features","volume":"44","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2004.11.032","article-title":"Coordinated remodeling of cellular metabolism during iron deficiency through targeted mRNA degradation","volume":"120","author":"Puig","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2008.04.010","article-title":"Cooperation of two mRNA-binding proteins drives metabolic adaptation to iron deficiency","volume":"7","author":"Puig","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2705","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.14102","article-title":"Modulation of yeast Erg1 expression and terbinafine susceptibility by iron bioavailability","volume":"15","author":"Jorda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microb. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, W., Feng, Y., Feng, Z., Wang, L., Whiteway, M., Lu, H., and Jiang, Y. (2024). Pitavastatin Calcium Confers Fungicidal Properties to Fluconazole by Inhibiting Ubiquinone Biosynthesis and Generating Reactive Oxygen Species. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13060667"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.02.071","article-title":"Statin-Associated Side Effects","volume":"67","author":"Thompson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01753-20","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01753-20","article-title":"The Antifungal and Synergistic Effect of Bisphosphonates in Cryptococcus","volume":"65","author":"Kane","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.4065\/83.9.1032","article-title":"Bisphosphonates: Mechanism of action and role in clinical practice","volume":"83","author":"Drake","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2014.900808","article-title":"Possible mechanisms of the antifungal activity of fluconazole in combination with terbinafine against Candida albicans","volume":"52","author":"Khodavandi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0144921","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01449-21","article-title":"In Vitro Antifungal Combination of Terbinafine with Itraconazole against Isolates of Trichophyton Species","volume":"66","author":"Bidaud","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canete-Gibas, C.F., Mele, J., Patterson, H.P., Sanders, C.J., Ferrer, D., Garcia, V., Fan, H., David, M., and Wiederhold, N.P. (2023). Terbinafine-Resistant Dermatophytes and the Presence of Trichophyton indotineae in North America. J. Clin. Microbiol., 61.","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00562-23"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alves, R., Kastora, S.L., Gomes-Goncalves, A., Azevedo, N., Rodrigues, C.F., Silva, S., Demuyser, L., Van Dijck, P., Casal, M., and Brown, A.J.P. (2020). Transcriptional responses of Candida glabrata biofilm cells to fluconazole are modulated by the carbon source. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes, 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-020-0114-5"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, T., Xiong, J., Wang, L., Feng, Z., Hang, S., Yu, J., Li, W., Feng, Y., Lu, H., and Jiang, Y. (2023). Unexpected Inhibitory Effect of Octenidine Dihydrochloride on Candida albicans Filamentation by Impairing Ergosterol Biosynthesis and Disrupting Cell Membrane Integrity. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12121675"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.4.2.298-309.2005","article-title":"Strains and strategies for large-scale gene deletion studies of the diploid human fungal pathogen Candida albicans","volume":"4","author":"Noble","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2018.04.016","article-title":"Efficient vector systems for economical and rapid epitope-tagging and overexpression in Candida albicans","volume":"149","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paul, S., Singh, S., Chakrabarti, A., Rudramurthy, S.M., and Ghosh, A.K. (2020). Selection and evaluation of appropriate reference genes for RT-qPCR based expression analysis in Candida tropicalis following azole treatment. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58744-7"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"53975","article-title":"Cycloheximide Chase Analysis of Protein Degradation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"110","author":"Buchanan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/14\/8\/799\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:23:44Z","timestamp":1760034224000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/14\/8\/799"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics14080799"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics14080799","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]]}}}