{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T11:48:23Z","timestamp":1789645703948,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: The combination of ceftazidime\u2212avibactam (CAZ-AVI) with aztreonam (ATM) may be an option for the treatment of infections due to metallo-\u03b2-lactamases (MBLs) producing bacteria, as recommended by current guidelines. MBLs protect the pathogen from any available \u03b2-lactam\/\u03b2-lactamase inhibitor (BL\/BLI). Moreover, in vitro and clinical data suggest that double carbapenem therapy (DCT) may be an option for such infections. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was conducted in two mixed intensive care units (ICUs) at the University Hospital of Larissa, Thessaly, Greece, and the General Hospital of Larissa, Thessaly, Greece, during a three-year period (2022\u22122024). Mechanically ventilated patients with bloodstream infection (BSI) caused by K. pneumoniae resistant to all BL\/BLI combinations were studied. Patients were divided into three groups: in the first, patients were treated with CAZ-AVI + ATM; in the second, with DCT; and in the third, with antibiotics other than BL\/BLIs that presented in vitro susceptibility. The primary outcome of the study was the change in Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score between the onset of infection and the fourth day of antibiotic treatment. Secondary outcomes were SOFA score evolution during the treatment period, total duration of mechanical ventilation (MV), ICU length of stay (LOS), and ICU mortality. Results: A total of 95 patients were recruited. Among them, 23 patients received CAZ-AVI + AZT, 22 received DCT, and 50 patients received another antibiotic regimen which was in vitro active against the pathogen. The baseline characteristics were similar. The mean (SE) overall age was 63.2 (1.3) years. Mean (SE) Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) and SOFA scores were 16.3 (0.6) and 7.6 (0.3), respectively. The Charlson Index was similar between groups. The control group presented a statistically lower SOFA score on day 4 compared to the other two groups [mean (SE) 8.9 (1) vs. 7.4 (0.9) vs. 6.4 (0.5) for CAZ-AVI + ATM, DCT and control group, respectively (p = 0.045)]. The duration of mechanical ventilation, ICU LOS, and mortality were similar between the groups (p &gt; 0.05). Comparison between survivors and non-survivors revealed that survivors had a lower SOFA score on the day of BSI, higher PaO2\/FiO2 ratio, higher platelet counts, and lower lactate levels (p &lt; 0.05). Septic shock was more frequent among non-survivors (60.3%) in comparison to survivors (27%) (p = 0.0015). Independent factors for mortality were PaO2\/FiO2 ratio and lactate levels (p &lt; 0.05). None of the antibiotic regimens received by the patients was independently associated with survival. Conclusions: Treatment with CAZ-AVI + ATM or DCT may offer similar clinical outcomes for patients suffering from BSI caused by K. pneumoniae strains resistant to all available BL\/BLIs. However, larger studies are required to confirm the findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14080806","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T08:33:06Z","timestamp":1754555586000},"page":"806","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Ceftazidime-Avibactam Plus Aztreonam for the Treatment of Blood Stream Infection Caused by Klebsiella\u00a0pneumoniae Resistant to All Beta-Lactame\/Beta-Lactamase Inhibitor Combinations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2453-5398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Mantzarlis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care, University Hospital of Larissa, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1951-2105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Efstratios","family":"Manoulakas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care, University Hospital of Larissa, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7778-4438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Papadopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care, General Hospital of Larissa, 41221 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantina","family":"Katseli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care, University Hospital of Larissa, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athanasia","family":"Makrygianni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care, University Hospital of Larissa, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vassiliki","family":"Leontopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care, University Hospital of Larissa, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Periklis","family":"Katsiafylloudis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care, General Hospital of Larissa, 41221 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6865-6071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stelios","family":"Xitsas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University Hospital of Larissa, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Papamichalis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care, General Hospital of Larissa, 41221 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Achilleas","family":"Chovas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care, General Hospital of Larissa, 41221 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Demosthenes","family":"Makris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care, University Hospital of Larissa, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Dimopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Department of Critical Care Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0904124","article-title":"Hospital-acquired infections due to gram-negative bacteria","volume":"362","author":"Peleg","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. 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