{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T20:29:37Z","timestamp":1792096177072,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Research and Development Plan of Hubei Province, China","award":["2023BBB069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023BBB069"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background:\u00a0Glaesserella parasuis (GPS) is a conditional pathogen that colonizes the upper respiratory tract in pigs and causes Gl\u00e4sser\u2019s disease, resulting in high morbidity and mortality in piglets. GPS infection increases the vascular endothelial permeability, but the mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Luteolin (Lut) is a naturally occurring flavonoid found in plants such as vegetables, herbs, and fruits, but its potential to treat the increased vascular endothelial permeability caused by GPS infection has not been evaluated. Results: This study revealed that GPS infection induces increased vascular endothelial permeability in porcine iliac artery endothelial cells (PIECs) by increasing the gene expressions of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-8, and IL-1\u03b2, and by regulating F-actin cytoskeleton reorganization. Mechanistically, GPS infection or Cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44) overexpression significantly increased the expressions of vascular-endothelial-permeability-related proteins (CD44; vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGFA); matrixmetalloProteinase-3 (MMP-3); MMP-9; and SRC proto-oncogene, non-receptor tyrosine kinase (c-Src)) and increased the vascular endothelial permeability; these changes were alleviated by a Lut treatment or CD44 silencing in the PIECs. Conclusions: This study comprehensively illustrates the potential targets and molecular mechanism of Lut in alleviating the GPS-induced increase in vascular endothelial permeability. The CD44 pathway and Lut may be an effective target and antibiotic alternative, respectively, to prevent the increased vascular endothelial permeability caused by GPS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14080824","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T07:45:31Z","timestamp":1755071131000},"page":"824","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Protective Effects of Luteolin on Glaesserella parasuis-Induced Injury: An In Vitro Study with Porcine Vascular Endothelial Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Pu","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China"},{"name":"Wuhan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuwen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China"},{"name":"Wuhan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China"},{"name":"Wuhan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Awais","family":"Ihsan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad 45550, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongyuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China"},{"name":"Wuhan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shulin","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China"},{"name":"Wuhan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China"},{"name":"Wuhan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinsheng","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China"},{"name":"Wuhan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6476-0509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qirong","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China"},{"name":"Wuhan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China"},{"name":"Wuhan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, A., Huang, X., Zhang, Z., Yuan, Z., Huang, L., Wang, Y., Tao, Y., Chen, D., Liu, Z., and Hao, H. 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